All About Circuits

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Clipper and Clamper Circuits

Clipper and Clamper Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Analog

DC Lab - Current Divider

DC Lab - Current Divider

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build resistive current dividers and observe how Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's current law function in real circuits using a voltmeter and an ammeter.


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Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Write an equation describing the precise mathematical relationship…


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Elementary Circuits

Elementary Circuits

In the simplest terms you can think of, define what an electrical…


Worksheets - Analog

Time-delay Relays

Time-delay Relays

What are Time-Delay Relays? Some relays are constructed with a kind of…


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The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

What Is a R/2nR DAC Circuit? The R/2nR DAC circuit, otherwise known as…


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Practical Considerations of ADC Circuits

Practical Considerations of ADC Circuits

Perhaps the most important consideration of an ADC is its resolution.…


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Complex Circuits

Complex Circuits

What do we do if we come across a circuit more complex than the simple…


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Analog Lab - Precision Voltage Follower Using an Op Amp

Analog Lab - Precision Voltage Follower Using an Op Amp

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an op amp voltage follower and learn about negative feedback in operational amplifier circuits.


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Voltage and Current

Voltage and Current

As was previously mentioned, we need more than just a continuous path…


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The Cascode Amplifier

The Cascode Amplifier

While the C-B (common-base) amplifier is known for wider bandwidth…


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Tracking ADC

Tracking ADC

A third variation on the counter-DAC-based converter theme is, in my…


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Re-drawing Complex Schematics

Re-drawing Complex Schematics

Typically, complex circuits are not arranged in nice, neat, clean…


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Voltage Divider Circuits

Voltage Divider Circuits

Let’s analyze a simple series circuit and determine the voltage…


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The Common-collector Amplifier

The Common-collector Amplifier

Our next transistor configuration to study is a bit simpler for gain…


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Characteristic Impedance

Characteristic Impedance

The Parallel Wires of Infinite Length Suppose, though, that we had a…


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Introduction to Diodes And Rectifiers

Introduction to Diodes And Rectifiers

All About Diodes A diode is an electrical device allowing current to…


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Conductor Ampacity

Conductor Ampacity

The smaller the cross-sectional area of any given wire, the greater…


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Metric Prefixes and Unit Conversions

Metric Prefixes and Unit Conversions

Metric Prefixes   Yotta = 1024 Symbol: Y Zetta = 1021 Symbol: Z…


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High-pass Filters

High-pass Filters

A high-pass filter’s task is just the opposite of a low-pass…


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Important Constants

Important Constants

Euler’s Number Euler’s constant is an important value for…


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Phase Rotation

Phase Rotation

Three-Phase Alternator Let’s take the three-phase alternator…


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Contributors (6)

Contributors (6)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…


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Transistors, Insulated-gate Field-effect (IGFET or MOSFET)

Transistors, Insulated-gate Field-effect (IGFET or MOSFET)

We have the symbols for depletion mode and enhancement mode MOSFETs -…


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Multiplexers

Multiplexers

A multiplexer, abbreviated mux, is a device that has multiple inputs…


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Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Write an equation describing the precise mathematical relationship…


Worksheets - Analog

Optothyristors

Optothyristors

Like bipolar transistors, SCRs and TRIACs are also manufactured as…


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Op-Amp Data

Op-Amp Data

Parametric data for all semiconductor op-amp models except the CA3130…


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Factoring Equivalencies

Factoring Equivalencies

Factoring Identities :   a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b) a2 + 2ab + b2…


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What Are Zener Diodes?

What Are Zener Diodes?

What Is a Zener Diode? A Zener diode is a special type of rectifying…


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What is Norton’s Theorem and the Norton Equivalent Circuit?

What is Norton’s Theorem and the Norton Equivalent Circuit?

This article explains the step-by-step process for determining the…


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Flip-Flop Circuits

Flip-Flop Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


Worksheets - Analog

Hand Calculator Use

Hand Calculator Use

To enter numbers in scientific notation into a hand calculator, there…


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Broadside Coupled Trace Inductance Calculator

Broadside Coupled Trace Inductance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the inductance of a broadside coupled trace.


Tools

Capacitance Calculator

Capacitance Calculator

This calculates the capacitance of a capacitor based on its charge, Q, and its voltage, V, according to the formula, C=Q/V.


Tools

Critical Temperatures for Superconductors

Critical Temperatures for Superconductors

Critical temperatures given in Kelvins Material Element/Alloy Critical…


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Flyback Switch Mode Regulator Calculator

Flyback Switch Mode Regulator Calculator

A calculator for computing several parameters needed in the design of a flyback switch mode regulator


Tools

AC Commutator Motors

AC Commutator Motors

Charles Proteus Steinmetz’s first job after arriving in America…


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Design Project: Event Counter

Design Project: Event Counter

If your event sensing switch is mechanical in nature, you will likely…


Worksheets - Analog

AC Motor Theory

AC Motor Theory

Electromechanical watt-hour meters use an aluminum disk that is spun…


Worksheets - Analog

Some Examples with AC Circuits

Some Examples with AC Circuits

Let’s connect three AC voltage sources in series and use complex…


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Encoders and Decoders

Encoders and Decoders

What does it mean, in general terms, to encode something? Conversely,…


Worksheets - Analog

Protective Relay Circuits

Protective Relay Circuits

Protective relays are special power-sensing devices whose job it is to…


Worksheets - Analog

555 Lab - Monostable Multivibrator (One-shot)

555 Lab - Monostable Multivibrator (One-shot)

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a monostable multivibrator using a 555 timer IC and learn about RC time constant charging and how a one-shot timer operates.


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Transistor Biasing Calculations

Transistor Biasing Calculations

Although transistor switching circuits operate without bias, it is…


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Permanent Magnets

Permanent Magnets

Centuries ago, it was discovered that certain types of mineral rock…


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The Command-line Interface

The Command-line Interface

If you’ve used DOS or UNIX operating systems before in a…


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Resonance

Resonance

The Q factor of a series inductive circuit is given by the following…


Worksheets - Analog

Stripline Max Current Calculator

Stripline Max Current Calculator

A calculator designed to calculate the maximum current that a stripline can handle


Tools

Si Lab - Bipolar Transistor as a Switch

Si Lab - Bipolar Transistor as a Switch

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, use a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) to switch an LED and learn about the current their amplification.


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Resistors

Resistors

Because the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in…


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AC Lab - Musical Keyboard as a Signal Generator

AC Lab - Musical Keyboard as a Signal Generator

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, an electronic musical keyboard will be used as a variable-frequency AC signal generator to learn the difference between AC amplitude and frequency.


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Analog Lab - PWM Power Controller

Analog Lab - PWM Power Controller

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a pulse-width modulator power controller for a light and learn the basics of PWM signals.


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Shift Registers: Serial-in, Serial-out

Shift Registers: Serial-in, Serial-out

Serial-in, serial-out shift registers delay data by one clock time for…


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Mesh Current Method (Loop Current Method)

Mesh Current Method (Loop Current Method)

This page provides a step-by-step introduction to using the mesh…


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Three-phase Power Systems

Three-phase Power Systems

What is Split-Phase Power Systems? Split-phase power systems achieve…


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Other Specialized Motors

Other Specialized Motors

Shaded Pole Induction Motor An easy way to provide starting torque to…


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Performance-Based Assessments for Digital Circuit Competencies

Performance-Based Assessments for Digital Circuit Competencies

(Template)


Worksheets - Analog

Introduction to Diodes And Rectifiers

Introduction to Diodes And Rectifiers

All About Diodes A diode is an electrical device allowing current to…


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Depletion-type IGFETs

Depletion-type IGFETs

Insulated gate field-effect transistors are unipolar devices just like…


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