Op-Amp Practical Considerations

Real operational amplifiers have some imperfections compared to an…

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Delta-Sigma ADC

One of the more advanced ADC technologies is the so-called…

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Class A BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Precise Diode Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

JFET Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Example Circuits and Netlists

The following circuits are pre-tested netlists for SPICE 2g6, complete…

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The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

Shockley Diodes and Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) Shockley…

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Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Write an equation describing the precise mathematical relationship…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

What Is a R/2nR DAC Circuit? The R/2nR DAC circuit, otherwise known as…

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OpAmp Oscillator Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors

What is an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), and what…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

The Importance of Electrical Safety

With this lesson, I hope to avoid a common mistake found in…

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Rectifier Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Basic Logic Gate Troubleshooting

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Early Tube History

Thomas Edison, that prolific American inventor, is often credited with…

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Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Component Modeling

When plotted on a curve tracer, the characteristic curve for a normal…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Rules for Derivatives

Constant rule Rule of sums Rule of differences Product rule Quotient…

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Solving for Unknown Time

Sometimes it is necessary to determine the length of time that a…

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Binary Overflow

One caveat with signed binary numbers is that of overflow, where the…

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Passive Integrator and Differentiator Circuits

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! Calculus is a branch of mathematics that…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Oscillator Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Vectors and AC Waveforms

OK, so how exactly can we represent AC quantities of voltage or…

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Series Circuit Rules

Current Components in a series circuit share the same current: Itotal…

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Special-purpose Batteries

Mercury Standard Cell Back in the early days of electrical measurement…

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Insulator Breakdown Voltage

The atoms in insulating materials have very tightly-bound electrons,…

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Circuits and the Speed of Light

Suppose we had a simple one-battery, one-lamp circuit controlled by a…

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Transistors, Bipolar

There are not too many circuit symbols for bipolar transistors. There…

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From Electric to Electronic

Introduction This third volume of the book series Lessons In Electric…

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Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) theory

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Balanced Attenuator Calculator

This balanced attenuator calculator helps you determine the resistor (R1) values for a balanced attenuator.

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Tools

Amplifier Circuits

Note, Q3 and Q4 in the figure below are complementary, NPN and PNP…

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Finite-state Machine

Feedback is a fascinating engineering principle. It can turn a rather…

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Digital Lab - 7-segment LED Display

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will control a 7-segment binary-coded decimal (BCD) display and learn about active-low and active-high logic inputs.

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Electromagnetism

The discovery of the relationship between magnetism and electricity…

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Ohm’s Law

For a given amount of water pressure, which will flow a greater rate…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Using Multiple Combinational Circuits

As an example of using several circuits together, we are going to make…

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Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)

The invention of the bipolar transistor in 1948 ushered in a…

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Coil Inductance Calculator

This calculator computes the inductance of a wire coil.

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Tools

Bipolar Junction Transistors

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was named because its operation…

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Intro Lab - Ohm’s Law

Project Overview This project employs all of the skills…

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Si Lab - Astable Multivibrator Audio Oscillator

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build an astable multivibrator (oscillator) circuit that provides an output in the audio frequency range and learn the effect of component values and supply voltage on oscillation frequency.

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What is Norton’s Theorem and the Norton Equivalent Circuit?

This article explains the step-by-step process for determining the…

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Basic Circuit Troubleshooting

Determine if the light bulb will de-energize for each of the following…

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Worksheets - Data Converters

Microstrip Max Current Calculator

A calculator for solving the maximum current a microstrip can handle.

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Tools

Rules for Limits

    RELATED WORKSHEETS: Calculus for Electric Circuits…

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Power Supply Circuits

There are three major kinds of power supplies: unregulated (also…

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Amplifier Impedances

Input impedance varies considerably with the circuit configuration…

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DC Lab - Introduction

In this series of hands-on electronics experiments, you will build direct current (DC) circuits and learn fundamental electrical engineering circuit concepts.

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The Pentode

Another strategy for addressing the problem of secondary electrons…

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