Feedback

If some percentage of an amplifier’s output signal is connected…

Textbook

Special Diodes

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Analog and Digital Signals

Instrumentation is a field of study and work centering on measurement…

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Mixed-Frequency Signals

What is a harmonic frequency? If an oscillator circuit outputs a…

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The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

Unijunction transistor: Although a unijunction transistor is not a…

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Junction field-effect transistors (JFET)

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Digital Logic Signals

A rheostat (variable resistor) and a switch are both examples of…

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion

The circuit shown here is a four-bit analog-to-digital converter…

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Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors

What is an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), and what…

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Passive Filter Circuits

In very simple, qualitative terms, rate the impedance of capacitors…

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Stepper Motors

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion

If a pulse-width modulated (PWM) signal is sent to a passive…

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Digital Ramp ADC

Also known as the stairstep-ramp, or simply counter A/D converter,…

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Miscellaneous Diode Applications

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Conventional Transistor Overview and Special Transistors

A microcontroller is a specialized type of digital computer used to…

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Successive Approximation ADC

One method of addressing the digital ramp ADC’s shortcomings is…

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Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) uses digital signals to control power…

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Series and Parallel AC Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Junction Field-effect Transistors

The field effect transistor was proposed by Julius Lilienfeld in US…

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Clipper Circuits

A circuit which removes the peak of a waveform is known as a clipper.…

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Electromagnetism

The discovery of the relationship between magnetism and electricity…

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Time-delay Relays

What are Time-Delay Relays? Some relays are constructed with a kind of…

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Si Lab - Half-wave Rectifier

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a half-wave rectifier circuit using a silicon diode and learn about the differences between permanent magnet motor operation on AC vs. DC power.

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Introduction to Electron Tubes

An often neglected area of study in modern electronics is that of…

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What is the Difference Between Series and Parallel Circuits?

Circuits consisting of just one battery and one load resistance are…

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Advanced Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! Electronic power conversion circuits known…

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Introduction to Solid-state Device Theory

This chapter will cover the physics behind the operation of…

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Basic AC-DC Power Supplies

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Series Circuits and the Application of Ohm’s Law

In this introduction to series resistance circuits, we will explain…

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Introduction to Diodes And Rectifiers

All About Diodes A diode is an electrical device allowing current to…

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True, Reactive, and Apparent Power

Reactive Power We know that reactive loads such as inductors and…

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Transistors, Bipolar

There are not too many circuit symbols for bipolar transistors. There…

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Differential Transistor Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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What is a Filter?

It is sometimes desirable to have circuits capable of selectively…

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Resistance

The circuit in the previous section is not a very practical one. In…

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Voltage Divider Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

What Is Kirchhoff’s Current Law? Kirchhoff’s Current Law,…

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Transistor Ratings and Packages (IGFET)

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Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

This calculator determines the bias and feedback of resistors for an inverting op-amp.

Tools

Series Circuit Rules

Current Components in a series circuit share the same current: Itotal…

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Design Project: Voltmeter

The most important component of your voltmeter will be the…

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Safe Meter Usage

Using an electrical meter safely and efficiently is perhaps the most…

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Electrical Transients

This chapter explores the response of capacitors and inductors to…

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Si Lab - Simple Op Amp

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a custom operational amplifier (op amp) and learn about the application of current mirrors and the use of negative feedback in op amp circuits.

Textbook

The Triode

De Forest’s Audion tube came to be known as the triode tube…

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Comparator with Hysteresis (Schmitt Trigger) Calculator

This calculator will compute the required resistor ratio (R2/R1) and reference voltage (VREF) to create the desired high (VTH) and low (VTL) threshold voltages in a non-inverting comparator circuit with hysteresis (commonly called a Schmitt trigger).

Tools

Arithmetic Properties

Associative Property In addition and multiplication, terms may be…

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Inductance, Reactance, and Admittance Calculator

This calculator gives the reactance and admittance of an inductor or the inductance given the reactance of an inductor

Tools

Pi-Match Impedance Matching Calculator

This calculator is designed to compute the parameters required to design a Pi-Match Impedance Circuit

Tools

Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Because it takes energy to force charge to flow against the opposition…

Textbook

Friis Transmission Calculator

This calculator allows you to solve for any of the six variables in the Friis formula for RF transmission: transmitter power, transmitter gain, receiver power, receiver gain, frequency, or distance.

Tools

Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier With Output Filtering

In this hands-on semiconductor experiment, build an improved full-wave rectifier with output filtering and learn about capacitive filtering in AC-to-DC power converters.

Textbook

Twisted-Pair Impedance Calculator

A tool designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of a twisted-pair cable

Tools

Wire-by-Number project kit introduction

Wire-by-Number project: simple voltage divider Description: Build a…

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Demultiplexers

A demultiplexer, sometimes abbreviated dmux, is a circuit that has one…

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Converting Truth Tables into Boolean Expressions

In designing digital circuits, the designer often begins with a truth…

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Edge Coupled Trace Inductance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute for the inductance of an edge coupled trace.

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Susceptance and Admittance

What is Conductance? In the study of DC circuits, the student of…

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Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

Before the advent of solid-state logic circuits, logical control…

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Electron Tubes

Cathode:   This is the electrode that is heated and emits the…

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