All About Circuits

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Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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The “Operational” Amplifier

The “Operational” Amplifier

Long before the advent of digital electronic technology, computers…


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Junction field-effect transistors (JFET)

Junction field-effect transistors (JFET)

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

Shockley Diodes and Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) Shockley…


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Introduction to Digital-Analog Conversion

Introduction to Digital-Analog Conversion

Connecting digital circuitry to sensor devices is simple if the sensor…


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Signal Modulation

Signal Modulation

A modern method of electrical power control involves inserting a…


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Analog Lab - Class B Audio Amplifier

Analog Lab - Class B Audio Amplifier

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a Class B push-pull audio amplifier to drive a speaker and learn about crossover distortion and how to minimize it using negative feedback.


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Basic Operational Amplifiers

Basic Operational Amplifiers

Determine the output voltage polarity of this op-amp (with reference…


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Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits

Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

What Is a R/2nR DAC Circuit? The R/2nR DAC circuit, otherwise known as…


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Class A BJT Amplifiers

Class A BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Power Conversion Circuits

Power Conversion Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Op-Amp Practical Considerations

Op-Amp Practical Considerations

Real operational amplifiers have some imperfections compared to an…


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Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Write an equation describing the precise mathematical relationship…


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Insulated-gate Field-effect Transistors (MOSFET)

Insulated-gate Field-effect Transistors (MOSFET)

The Insulated-Gate Field-Effect Transistor (IGFET), also known as…


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Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) theory

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) theory

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Digital Logic Signals

Digital Logic Signals

A rheostat (variable resistor) and a switch are both examples of…


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Specific Troubleshooting Techniques

Specific Troubleshooting Techniques

After applying some of the general troubleshooting tips to narrow the…


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Special-purpose Diodes

Special-purpose Diodes

Schottky diodes Schottky diodes are constructed of a metal-to-N…


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Miscellaneous Diode Applications

Miscellaneous Diode Applications

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Phase Rotation

Phase Rotation

Three-Phase Alternator Let’s take the three-phase alternator…


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Complex Circuits

Complex Circuits

What do we do if we come across a circuit more complex than the simple…


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Polarity of voltage drops

Polarity of voltage drops

When using conventional current flow, we can trace the direction of…


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Capacitive Reactance

Capacitive Reactance

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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AC phase

AC phase

If we were to express the series-connected DC voltages as phasors…


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AC Bridge Circuits

AC Bridge Circuits

As we saw with DC measurement circuits, the circuit configuration…


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AC Lab - Build a Transformer

AC Lab - Build a Transformer

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a simple transformer and learn some important transformer fundamentals including voltage step-up and step-down.


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Some Examples with AC Circuits

Some Examples with AC Circuits

Let’s connect three AC voltage sources in series and use complex…


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AC Lab - LC Tank Circuit

AC Lab - LC Tank Circuit

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a parallel resonant inductor-capacitor circuit and learn about oscillation, resonant frequency, and damping.


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Computer Simulation of Electric Circuits

Computer Simulation of Electric Circuits

Computers can be powerful tools if used properly, especially in the…


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Precise Diode Circuits

Precise Diode Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Because it takes energy to force charge to flow against the opposition…


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High-pass Filters

High-pass Filters

A high-pass filter’s task is just the opposite of a low-pass…


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“Ladder” Diagrams

“Ladder” Diagrams

Ladder diagrams are specialized schematics commonly used to document…


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Analog Lab - 555 Ramp Signal Generator

Analog Lab - 555 Ramp Signal Generator

In this hands-on electronics experiment, construct a signal generator circuit that creates two different types of ramp signals and learn how capacitors charge when connected to resistors and constant current sources.


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Performance-Based Assessments for Analog Integrated Circuit Competencies

Performance-Based Assessments for Analog Integrated Circuit Competencies


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Divided Feedback

Divided Feedback

If we add a voltage divider to the negative feedback wiring so that…


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Parallel Resistor-Capacitor Circuits

Parallel Resistor-Capacitor Circuits

Using the same value components in our series example circuit, we will…


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Analog Lab - Introduction

Analog Lab - Introduction

In this series of hands-on electronics experiments, build analog circuits, including amplifiers, comparators, oscillators, and more. Following the step-by-step instructions will help you understand and appreciate analog systems.


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Si Lab - JFET Switching Circuit and Static Electricity Sensor

Si Lab - JFET Switching Circuit and Static Electricity Sensor

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, use a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) to build a sensitive switching circuit and learn about JFET current gain.


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Why L/R and not LR?

Why L/R and not LR?

Learn About L/R Time Constants It is often perplexing to new students…


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Wire-by-Number project kit introduction

Wire-by-Number project kit introduction

Wire-by-Number project: simple voltage divider Description: Build a…


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An Analogy for Ohm’s Law

An Analogy for Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law also makes intuitive sense if you apply it to the…


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Four-Channel Audio Mixer

Four-Channel Audio Mixer

A very common misconception students have about potentiometers is the…


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Voltage Multipliers (Doublers, Triplers, Quadruplers, and More)

Voltage Multipliers (Doublers, Triplers, Quadruplers, and More)

A voltage multiplier is a specialized rectifier circuit producing…


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Voltage Divider Calculator

Voltage Divider Calculator

The voltage divider is a circuit used to create a voltage less than or equal to the input voltage.


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Design Project: Power Inverter

Design Project: Power Inverter

A common topology for DC-AC power converter circuits uses a pair of…


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Safe Practices

Safe Practices

If at all possible, shut off the power to a circuit before performing…


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Decibels

Decibels

The Bel is Used to Represent Gain In its simplest form, an…


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Binary Overflow

Binary Overflow

One caveat with signed binary numbers is that of overflow, where the…


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Full-Adder

Full-Adder

The half-adder is extremely useful until you want to add more than one…


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Simple Circuits

Simple Circuits

Shown here is the schematic symbol for a resistor: What is the purpose…


Worksheets - Data Converters

Si Lab - Half-wave Rectifier

Si Lab - Half-wave Rectifier

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a half-wave rectifier circuit using a silicon diode and learn about the differences between permanent magnet motor operation on AC vs. DC power.


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555 Lab - Red LED Flasher

555 Lab - Red LED Flasher

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a red LED flasher and learn a useful application of the versatile 555 timer IC.


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The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) as a Switch

The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) as a Switch

Bipolar junction transistors (Also known as BJTs) can be used as an…


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Series DC Circuits Practice Worksheet with Answers

Series DC Circuits Practice Worksheet with Answers

In this circuit, three resistors receive the same amount of current (4…


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Passive Integrator and Differentiator Circuits

Passive Integrator and Differentiator Circuits

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! Calculus is a branch of mathematics that…


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Derivative of a Constant

Derivative of a Constant

    (“c” being a constant)   RELATED…


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“Long’’ and “Short’’ Transmission Lines

“Long’’ and “Short’’ Transmission Lines

In DC and low-frequency AC circuits, the characteristic impedance of…


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Si Lab - Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

Si Lab - Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple DC voltage regulator circuit and learn how to use reverse-biased Zener diodes as voltage clamps.


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