All About Circuits

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Stepper Motors

Stepper Motors

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Passive Filter Circuits

Passive Filter Circuits

In very simple, qualitative terms, rate the impedance of capacitors…


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Phase-Locked Loops

Phase-Locked Loops

This is a schematic for a simple VCO: The oscillator is of the RC…


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Digital Logic Signals

Digital Logic Signals

A rheostat (variable resistor) and a switch are both examples of…


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Precise Diode Circuits

Precise Diode Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Thyristor Application Circuits

Thyristor Application Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Digital Ramp ADC

Digital Ramp ADC

Also known as the stairstep-ramp, or simply counter A/D converter,…


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Analog and Digital Signals

Analog and Digital Signals

Instrumentation is a field of study and work centering on measurement…


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Conventional Transistor Overview and Special Transistors

Conventional Transistor Overview and Special Transistors

A microcontroller is a specialized type of digital computer used to…


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Analog Lab - Class B Audio Amplifier

Analog Lab - Class B Audio Amplifier

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a Class B push-pull audio amplifier to drive a speaker and learn about crossover distortion and how to minimize it using negative feedback.


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Basic Operational Amplifiers

Basic Operational Amplifiers

Determine the output voltage polarity of this op-amp (with reference…


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Latch Circuits

Latch Circuits

What do you think this logic buffer gate will do, with the output…


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Si Lab - Simple Op Amp

Si Lab - Simple Op Amp

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a custom operational amplifier (op amp) and learn about the application of current mirrors and the use of negative feedback in op amp circuits.


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Junction field-effect transistors (JFET)

Junction field-effect transistors (JFET)

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Op-Amp Data

Op-Amp Data

Parametric data for all semiconductor op-amp models except the CA3130…


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The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

What Is a R/2nR DAC Circuit? The R/2nR DAC circuit, otherwise known as…


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Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

The circuit shown here is a four-bit analog-to-digital converter…


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Active Filters

Active Filters

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Basic Logic Gate Troubleshooting

Basic Logic Gate Troubleshooting

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…


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Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Write an equation describing the precise mathematical relationship…


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Bandpass Filter Calculator

Bandpass Filter Calculator

This calculates values of the inductance, capacitance of an inductor and capacitor used in a Butterworth LC bandpass filter.


Tools

Op-Amp Voltage and Gain Calculator

Op-Amp Voltage and Gain Calculator

A calculator for computing the gain and output voltage of an operational amplifier


Tools

Insulator Breakdown Voltage

Insulator Breakdown Voltage

The atoms in insulating materials have very tightly-bound electrons,…


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What Are Zener Diodes?

What Are Zener Diodes?

What Is a Zener Diode? A Zener diode is a special type of rectifying…


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Complex Number Arithmetic

Complex Number Arithmetic

Since complex numbers are legitimate mathematical entities, just like…


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Physiological Effects of Electricity

Physiological Effects of Electricity

Most of us have experienced some form of electric “shock,”…


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Power Conversion Circuits

Power Conversion Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Averager and Summer Circuits

Averager and Summer Circuits

If we take three equal resistors and connect one end of each to a…


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Clipper and Clamper Circuits

Clipper and Clamper Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Impedance Matching With Transformers

Impedance Matching With Transformers

Suppose you were to take a 3 kW electric heater rated for 240 VAC and…


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Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

What is an Operational Amplifier (Op-amp)? Operational Amplifiers,…


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SPICE Models

SPICE Models

The SPICE circuit simulation program provides for modeling diodes in…


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Analog and Digital Signals

Analog and Digital Signals

Instrumentation is a field of study and work centering on measurement…


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Node Voltage Method

Node Voltage Method

The node voltage method of DC network analysis solves for unknown…


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Band Theory of Solids

Band Theory of Solids

Quantum physics describes the states of electrons in an atom according…


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Transistor Ratings and Packages (BJT)

Transistor Ratings and Packages (BJT)

Like all electrical and electronic components, transistors are limited…


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Basic Circuit Troubleshooting

Basic Circuit Troubleshooting

Determine if the light bulb will de-energize for each of the following…


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DC Lab - Current Divider

DC Lab - Current Divider

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build resistive current dividers and observe how Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's current law function in real circuits using a voltmeter and an ammeter.


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The “Operational” Amplifier

The “Operational” Amplifier

Long before the advent of digital electronic technology, computers…


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Why L/R and not LR?

Why L/R and not LR?

Learn About L/R Time Constants It is often perplexing to new students…


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Light-Pulse Switch

Light-Pulse Switch

It is fairly important to use large value resistors (10 MΩ works…


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Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) theory

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) theory

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Demultiplexers

Demultiplexers

A demultiplexer, sometimes abbreviated dmux, is a circuit that has one…


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Si Lab - BJT Common-emitter Amplifier

Si Lab - BJT Common-emitter Amplifier

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, construct a common-emitter amplifier using a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and learn about amplifier gain and feedback.


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Design Project: Event Counter

Design Project: Event Counter

If your event sensing switch is mechanical in nature, you will likely…


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Three-phase Power Systems

Three-phase Power Systems

What is Split-Phase Power Systems? Split-phase power systems achieve…


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Active-mode Operation (IGFET)

Active-mode Operation (IGFET)


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Active-mode Operation (BJT)

Active-mode Operation (BJT)

When a transistor is in the fully-off state (like an open switch), it…


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BJT Quirks

BJT Quirks

An ideal transistor would show 0% distortion in amplifying a signal.…


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Polarity of voltage drops

Polarity of voltage drops

When using conventional current flow, we can trace the direction of…


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Millman’s Theorem Revisited

Millman’s Theorem Revisited

You may have wondered where we got that strange equation for the…


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Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits

Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

In our study of AC circuits thus far, we’ve explored circuits…


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Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Because it takes energy to force charge to flow against the opposition…


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AC Lab - PC Oscilloscope

AC Lab - PC Oscilloscope

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, use a PC-based oscilloscope program to observe waveforms from a musical keyboard and learn basic oscilloscope operation.


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Intro Lab - How to Use a Voltmeter to Measure Voltage

Intro Lab - How to Use a Voltmeter to Measure Voltage

In this hands-on introduction to electronics, you will experiment with a multimeter and learn how to measure voltage using the voltmeter function.


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Resistors

Resistors

Shown here is the schematic symbol for a resistor: What is the purpose…


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Vol V. Credits

Vol V. Credits

All entries arranged in alphabetical order of surname. Major…


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Right Triangle Trigonometry

Right Triangle Trigonometry

  A right triangle is defined as having one angle precisely…


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Microprocessor Programming

Microprocessor Programming

What is the difference between a JMP (“jump”) instruction and a…


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