All About Circuits

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Open-Loop OpAmp Circuits

Open-Loop OpAmp Circuits

Determine what the magnitude and polarity of the voltmeter’s…


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The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

Shockley Diodes and Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) Shockley…


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Flash ADC

Flash ADC

Also called the parallel A/D converter, this circuit is the simplest…


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Logic Signal Voltage Levels

Logic Signal Voltage Levels

Input Voltages for Logic Gates Logic gate circuits are designed to…


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Performance-Based Assessments for Semiconductor Circuit Competencies

Performance-Based Assessments for Semiconductor Circuit Competencies


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Class A BJT Amplifiers

Class A BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Diode Switching Circuits

Diode Switching Circuits

Diodes can perform switching and digital logic operations. Forward and…


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Specific Troubleshooting Techniques

Specific Troubleshooting Techniques

After applying some of the general troubleshooting tips to narrow the…


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Conventional Transistor Overview and Special Transistors

Conventional Transistor Overview and Special Transistors

A microcontroller is a specialized type of digital computer used to…


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Tracking ADC

Tracking ADC

A third variation on the counter-DAC-based converter theme is, in my…


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Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) uses digital signals to control power…


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Digital Logic Signals

Digital Logic Signals

A rheostat (variable resistor) and a switch are both examples of…


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Digital Ramp ADC

Digital Ramp ADC

Also known as the stairstep-ramp, or simply counter A/D converter,…


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Feedback

Feedback

If some percentage of an amplifier’s output signal is connected…


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Operational Amplifier Models

Operational Amplifier Models

While mention of operational amplifiers typically provokes visions of…


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The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

What Is a R/2nR DAC Circuit? The R/2nR DAC circuit, otherwise known as…


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Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

The circuit shown here is a four-bit analog-to-digital converter…


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Junction Field-effect Transistors

Junction Field-effect Transistors

The field effect transistor was proposed by Julius Lilienfeld in US…


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Stepper Motors

Stepper Motors

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Computational Circuits

Computational Circuits

When someone mentions the word “computer,” a digital…


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Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

This calculator determines the bias and feedback of resistors for an inverting op-amp.


Tools

OpAmp Oscillator Circuits

OpAmp Oscillator Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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DC Generator Theory

DC Generator Theory

Generators used in battery-charging systems must be regulated so as to…


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SPICE Simulation of Series and Parallel Circuits

SPICE Simulation of Series and Parallel Circuits

Previously, we examined series circuits and parallel circuits using…


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Phase-Locked Loops

Phase-Locked Loops

This is a schematic for a simple VCO: The oscillator is of the RC…


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Radio Circuits

Radio Circuits

(a) Crystal radio. (b) Modulated RF at antenna. (c) Rectified RF at…


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Insulator Breakdown Voltage

Insulator Breakdown Voltage

The atoms in insulating materials have very tightly-bound electrons,…


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From Electric to Electronic

From Electric to Electronic

Introduction This third volume of the book series Lessons In Electric…


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Series and Parallel Inductors

Series and Parallel Inductors

When inductors are connected in series, the total inductance is the…


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Metric Prefix Conversions

Metric Prefix Conversions

To express a quantity in a different metric prefix from how it was…


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Transistors, junction field-effect (JFET)

Transistors, junction field-effect (JFET)

Note that the direction of the arrow at the gate indicates the…


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DC Bridge Circuits

DC Bridge Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

So far, we’ve explored tubes which are totally…


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Parallel Circuit Rules

Parallel Circuit Rules

Voltage Components in a parallel circuit share the same voltage:…


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What is Alternating Current (AC)?

What is Alternating Current (AC)?

Most students of electricity begin their study with what is known as…


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Si Lab - JFET Current Regulator

Si Lab - JFET Current Regulator

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) current regulator and learn some of the advantages of JFETs over BJTs for current regulation.


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Susceptance and Admittance

Susceptance and Admittance

What is Conductance? In the study of DC circuits, the student of…


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Parallel DC Circuits Practice Worksheet With Answers

Parallel DC Circuits Practice Worksheet With Answers

In this circuit, three resistors receive the same amount of voltage…


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Slope (integrating) ADC

Slope (integrating) ADC

So far, we’ve only been able to escape the sheer volume of…


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An Electric Pendulum

An Electric Pendulum

Capacitors store energy in the form of an electric field, and…


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Biasing Techniques (BJT)

Biasing Techniques (BJT)

In the common-emitter section of this chapter, we saw a SPICE analysis…


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Antiderivatives of Power Functions of e

Antiderivatives of Power Functions of e

  Note: this is a very unique and useful property of e. As in…


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Optical Data Communication

Optical Data Communication

A modern alternative to sending (binary) digital information via…


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Resistors

Resistors

Shown here is the schematic symbol for a resistor: What is the purpose…


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Superposition Theorem

Superposition Theorem

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Shift Registers: Serial-in, Parallel-out  (SIPO) Conversion

Shift Registers: Serial-in, Parallel-out (SIPO) Conversion

A serial-in, parallel-out shift register is similar to the serial-in,…


Textbook

Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator

Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator

This tool calculates the dimensions of the microstrip patch antenna given the desired operating frequency.


Tools

Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Because it takes energy to force charge to flow against the opposition…


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Vol V. Credits

Vol V. Credits

All entries arranged in alphabetical order of surname. Major…


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Radicals

Radicals

Definition of a Radical Given the expression where “x” is…


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Clipper Circuits

Clipper Circuits

A circuit which removes the peak of a waveform is known as a clipper.…


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DC Lab - Potentiometer as a Rheostat

DC Lab - Potentiometer as a Rheostat

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will use a potentiometer as a variable resistor to control the speed of a motor and learn how to connect a potentiometer as a rheostat.


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Meter Check of a Transistor (JFET)

Meter Check of a Transistor (JFET)

Testing a JFET with a multimeter might seem to be a relatively easy…


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Digital Memory Terms and Concepts

Digital Memory Terms and Concepts

When we store information in some kind of circuit or device, we not…


Textbook

Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Every meter impacts the circuit it is measuring to some extent, just…


Textbook

Kelvin (4-wire) Resistance Measurement

Kelvin (4-wire) Resistance Measurement

Suppose we wished to measure the resistance of some component located…


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Other Specialized Motors

Other Specialized Motors

Shaded Pole Induction Motor An easy way to provide starting torque to…


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Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums Expressions

Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums Expressions

Identify each of these logic gates by name, and complete their…


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Active Filters

Active Filters

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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