Monostable Multivibrators

We’ve already seen one example of a monostable multivibrator in…

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Basic Logic Gates

Identify the type of logic gate shown in this schematic diagram, and…

Worksheets - Digital ICs

Analog and Digital Signals

Instrumentation is a field of study and work centering on measurement…

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Digital Lab - 7-segment LED Display

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will control a 7-segment binary-coded decimal (BCD) display and learn about active-low and active-high logic inputs.

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Boolean Algebra

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…

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Circuit Simplification Examples

Let’s begin with a semiconductor gate circuit in need of…

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Shift Registers: Parallel-in, Serial-out (PISO) Conversion

Parallel-in/ serial-out shift registers do everything that the…

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Digital Lab - Basic 2-Input NAND Gate Circuit

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build and test a 2-input digital NAND gate with LED indicators and learn to read pinout diagrams, power a digital IC, connect unused inputs and outputs, and use pulldown resistors.

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Binary Subtraction

We can subtract one binary number from another by using the standard…

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Introduction to Shift Registers

Shift registers, like counters, are a form of sequential…

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The “Buffer” Gate

If we were to connect two inverter gates together so that the output…

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Encoders and Decoders

What does it mean, in general terms, to encode something? Conversely,…

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Slope (integrating) ADC

So far, we’ve only been able to escape the sheer volume of…

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Boolean Algebraic Identities

In mathematics, an identity is a statement true for all possible…

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Circuit Components

Remember that this tutorial is not exhaustive by any means, and that…

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Thyristors

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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What is a Meter?

A meter is any device built to accurately detect and display an…

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Complex Vector Addition

If vectors with uncommon angles are added, their magnitudes (lengths)…

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Resonant Filters

So far, the filter designs we’ve concentrated on have employed…

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Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is not so much a means of analysis…

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The Common-source Amplifier (IGFET)

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Voltmeter Design

Suppose I were about to measure an unknown voltage with a manual-range…

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Finite State Machines

Up to now, every circuit that was presented was a combinatorial…

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Important Constants

Euler’s Number Euler’s constant is an important value for…

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Mixed-Frequency Signals

What is a harmonic frequency? If an oscillator circuit outputs a…

Worksheets - Digital ICs

Switches, Process Actuated

It is very important to keep in mind that the “normal”…

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Edge-triggered Latches: Flip-Flops

So far, we’ve studied both S-R and D latch circuits with enable…

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Phase Rotation

Three-Phase Alternator Let’s take the three-phase alternator…

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Sum and Product Notation

For reference, this section introduces the terminology used in some…

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Insulated-gate Field-effect Transistors (MOSFET)

The Insulated-Gate Field-Effect Transistor (IGFET), also known as…

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Introduction to Complex Numbers

If I needed to describe the distance between two cities, I could…

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Safe Circuit Design

As we saw earlier, a power system with no secure connection to earth…

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Series-parallel R, L, and C

Now that we’ve seen how series and parallel AC circuit analysis…

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Building a Differential Amplifier

Differential Op-Amp Circuits An op-amp with no feedback is already a…

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Intermediate Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

As an electric current is passed through a coil of wire, it creates a…

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Susceptance and Admittance

What is Conductance? In the study of DC circuits, the student of…

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Phase-locked Loops

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Why L/R and not LR?

Learn About L/R Time Constants It is often perplexing to new students…

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Insulated Gate Field-Effect Transistors

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

Worksheets - Digital ICs

SPICE Models

The SPICE circuit simulation program provides for modeling diodes in…

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Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

It is a common phenomenon for the electrical resistance of a substance…

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Negative Feedback

If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply…

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BJT Quirks

An ideal transistor would show 0% distortion in amplifying a signal.…

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Applying Ohm’s Law—Rules and Methods for Circuit Analysis

When analyzing complex series and parallel circuits, it is easy to…

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Contributors (4)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…

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An Electric Pendulum

Capacitors store energy in the form of an electric field, and…

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Thermocouples

Seebeck Effect An interesting phenomenon applied in the field of…

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VSWR / Return Loss Calculator

A calculator designed to compute the VSWR, reflection coefficient, return loss and matching loss in a transmission line

Tools

Safe Meter Usage

Using an electrical meter safely and efficiently is perhaps the most…

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AC Lab - Build a Transformer

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a simple transformer and learn some important transformer fundamentals including voltage step-up and step-down.

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Multiple-input Gates

The Use of Logic Gate Inverters and buffers exhaust the possibilities…

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Noise Figure Calculator

A tool designed to calculate the noise figure of cascaded amplifiers

Tools

Elementary Amplifier Theory

Fundamentally, an amplifier is a device that takes in a low-power…

Worksheets - Digital ICs

Electron Tubes

Cathode:   This is the electrode that is heated and emits the…

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