All About Circuits

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Switch Types

Switch Types

Though it may seem strange to cover the elementary topic of electrical…


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Monostable Multivibrators

Monostable Multivibrators

We’ve already seen one example of a monostable multivibrator in…


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Arc Flash and Arc Blast

Arc Flash and Arc Blast

Electromechanical relays used to start and stop high-power electric…


Worksheets - Switches

Permissive and Interlock Circuits

Permissive and Interlock Circuits

A practical application of switch and relay logic is in control…


Textbook

Time Constant Calculations

Time Constant Calculations

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Switches

Protective Relays

Protective Relays

A special type of relay is one that monitors the current, voltage,…


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Si Lab - Commutating Diode

Si Lab - Commutating Diode

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple circuit that will teach you how to use a commutating diode to reduce inductive kickback.


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Boolean Algebra

Boolean Algebra

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


Worksheets - Switches

Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

“All men are liable to error;” —John Locke Whereas…


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Motor Control Circuits

Motor Control Circuits

The interlock contacts installed in the previous section’s motor…


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Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

Before the advent of solid-state logic circuits, logical control…


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Hysteresis

Hysteresis

Thyristors are a class of semiconductor components exhibiting…


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Special-output Gates

Special-output Gates

Complementary Output Gates It is sometimes desirable to have a logic…


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DC Motor Control Circuits

DC Motor Control Circuits

How is it possible to electrically measure the torque output by a…


Worksheets - Switches

The Junction Field-effect Transistor (JFET) as a Switch

The Junction Field-effect Transistor (JFET) as a Switch

Like its bipolar cousin, the field-effect transistor may be used as an…


Textbook

Time-Delay Electromechanical Relays

Time-Delay Electromechanical Relays

What does the normal status of an electrical switch refer to?…


Worksheets - Switches

Encoders and Decoders

Encoders and Decoders

What does it mean, in general terms, to encode something? Conversely,…


Worksheets - Switches

Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Every meter impacts the circuit it is measuring to some extent, just…


Textbook

TTL Logic Gates

TTL Logic Gates

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…


Worksheets - Switches

Contactors

Contactors

All About Contactors When a relay is used to switch a large amount of…


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Switches

Switches

What is the purpose of the switch shown in this schematic diagram?


Worksheets - Switches

Switch Contact Design

Switch Contact Design

A switch can be constructed with any mechanism bringing two conductors…


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Reluctance Motor

Reluctance Motor

The variable reluctance motor is based on the principle that an…


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Time-Delay Electromechanical Relays

Time-Delay Electromechanical Relays

What does the normal status of an electrical switch refer to?…


Worksheets - Switches

Introduction to AC Motors

Introduction to AC Motors

After the introduction of the DC electrical distribution system by…


Textbook

Selsyn (Synchro) Motors

Selsyn (Synchro) Motors

Normally, the rotor windings of a wound rotor induction motor are…


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AC Lab - Using a Transformer to Build a 12 VAC Power Supply

AC Lab - Using a Transformer to Build a 12 VAC Power Supply

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a 12 V alternating current (AC) power supply using a step-down transformer and learn about transformer operation and the purpose of tapped windings.


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Electromechanical Relay Logic

Electromechanical Relay Logic

In ladder logic symbolism, an electromechanical relay coil is shown as…


Worksheets - Switches

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors

What is an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), and what…


Worksheets - Switches

Bipolar Junction Transistors as Switches

Bipolar Junction Transistors as Switches

Solid-state switching circuits usually keep their constituent…


Worksheets - Switches

Wound Rotor Induction Motors

Wound Rotor Induction Motors

A wound rotor induction motor has a stator like a squirrel cage…


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AC Motor Theory

AC Motor Theory

Electromechanical watt-hour meters use an aluminum disk that is spun…


Worksheets - Switches

Switches, Hand Actuated

Switches, Hand Actuated

A switch is an electrical component that can “make” or…


Textbook

Switches, Electrically Actuated (Relays)

Switches, Electrically Actuated (Relays)

The structure behind ladder logic is based on the electrical ladder…


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Encoders and Decoders

Encoders and Decoders

What does it mean, in general terms, to encode something? Conversely,…


Worksheets - Switches

Solid-state Relays

Solid-state Relays

Limitations of Electromechanical Relays As versatile as…


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Switches, Process Actuated

Switches, Process Actuated

It is very important to keep in mind that the “normal”…


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Si Lab - Bipolar Transistor as a Switch

Si Lab - Bipolar Transistor as a Switch

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, use a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) to switch an LED and learn about the current their amplification.


Textbook

Series and Parallel AC Circuits

Series and Parallel AC Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Switches

The Junction Field-effect Transistor (JFET) as a Switch

The Junction Field-effect Transistor (JFET) as a Switch

Like its bipolar cousin, the field-effect transistor may be used as an…


Textbook

Electrical Transients

Electrical Transients

This chapter explores the response of capacitors and inductors to…


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Waveguides

Waveguides

A waveguide is a special form of transmission line consisting of a…


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DC Lab - Precision Potentiometer

DC Lab - Precision Potentiometer

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a precision potentiometer from three lower precision potentiometer and learn about voltage range compression and parameter interactions.


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Binary Math

Binary Math

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…


Worksheets - Switches

An Analogy for Divided Feedback

An Analogy for Divided Feedback

A helpful analogy for understanding divided feedback amplifier…


Textbook

Inductor Commutating Circuits

Inductor Commutating Circuits

A popular use of diodes is for the mitigation of inductive…


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Radio Circuits

Radio Circuits

(a) Crystal radio. (b) Modulated RF at antenna. (c) Rectified RF at…


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Electron Tubes

Electron Tubes

Cathode:   This is the electrode that is heated and emits the…


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Historical, Nonmechanical Memory Technologies

Historical, Nonmechanical Memory Technologies

Perhaps the most ingenious technique was that of the delay line. A…


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AC Circuit Equations

AC Circuit Equations

Inductive Reactance     Capacitive Reactance    …


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Delta and Wye 3-Phase Circuits

Delta and Wye 3-Phase Circuits

Label where each of the following electrical quantities would be found…


Worksheets - Switches

Network Topology

Network Topology

Point-to-Point Connecting two digital devices with a network, would…


Textbook

Flip-Flop Circuits

Flip-Flop Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


Worksheets - Switches

Inductors

Inductors

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! A 5 H inductor is subjected to an electric…


Worksheets - Switches

Digital Logic With Feedback

Digital Logic With Feedback

With simple gate and combinational logic circuits, there is a definite…


Textbook

Selsyn (Synchro) Motors

Selsyn (Synchro) Motors

Normally, the rotor windings of a wound rotor induction motor are…


Textbook

Mutual Inductors

Mutual Inductors

Mutual inductors are inductors that capitalize the effect of mutual…


Textbook

AC Lab - Introduction

AC Lab - Introduction

In this series of hands-on electronics experiments, build alternating current (AC) circuits and learn about basic electrical engineering circuit concepts, including transformers, motors, phase shifts, signal coupling, and noise cancellation.


Textbook

Shock Current Path

Shock Current Path

As we’ve already learned, electricity requires a complete path…


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Power Added Efficiency Calculator

Power Added Efficiency Calculator

A calculator designed to compute the power-added efficiency (PAE) of an amplifier


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