All About Circuits

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Network Topology

Network Topology

Point-to-Point Connecting two digital devices with a network, would…


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Digital Communication

Digital Communication

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Counters

Counters

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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DC Mesh Current Analysis

DC Mesh Current Analysis

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Time Constant Calculations

Time Constant Calculations

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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OpAmp Oscillator Circuits

OpAmp Oscillator Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Many electronic circuits use what is called a split or a dual power…


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Thyristor Application Circuits

Thyristor Application Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Batteries

Batteries

If I wanted to build a battery-powered electric drill, would it be…


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Memory Devices

Memory Devices

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Digital Display Circuits

Digital Display Circuits

What is the purpose of a seven-segment decoder circuit? What is a…


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Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Data Flow

Data Flow

Buses and networks are designed to allow communication to occur…


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Latch Circuits

Latch Circuits

What do you think this logic buffer gate will do, with the output…


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Superposition Theorem

Superposition Theorem

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Precise Diode Circuits

Precise Diode Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Electromechanical Relay Logic

Electromechanical Relay Logic

In ladder logic symbolism, an electromechanical relay coil is shown as…


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What is Network Analysis?

What is Network Analysis?

The basic application of Ohm’s law to combinations of series and…


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Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

The circuit shown here is a four-bit analog-to-digital converter…


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What Are Electric Circuits?

What Are Electric Circuits?

You might have been wondering how charges can continuously flow in a…


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An Analogy for Ohm’s Law

An Analogy for Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law also makes intuitive sense if you apply it to the…


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Permanent Magnets

Permanent Magnets

Centuries ago, it was discovered that certain types of mineral rock…


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Conductor Ampacity

Conductor Ampacity

The smaller the cross-sectional area of any given wire, the greater…


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AC Inductor Circuits

AC Inductor Circuits

Resistors vs. Inductors Inductors do not behave the same way as…


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Si Lab - Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

Si Lab - Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple DC voltage regulator circuit and learn how to use reverse-biased Zener diodes as voltage clamps.


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Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Digital Lab - S-R Latch With Enable Input using NAND Gates

Digital Lab - S-R Latch With Enable Input using NAND Gates

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an S-R latch with an enabled input using four NAND gates and learn more about digital circuit functionality.


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Reluctance Motor

Reluctance Motor

The variable reluctance motor is based on the principle that an…


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Physiological Effects of Electricity

Physiological Effects of Electricity

Most of us have experienced some form of electric “shock,”…


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Calculating Power Factor

Calculating Power Factor

As was mentioned before, the angle of this “power…


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Scientific Notation in SPICE

Scientific Notation in SPICE

The SPICE circuit simulation computer program uses scientific notation…


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Intermediate Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Intermediate Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

As an electric current is passed through a coil of wire, it creates a…


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Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

What is an Operational Amplifier (Op-amp)? Operational Amplifiers,…


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The Exclusive-OR Function: The XOR Gate

The Exclusive-OR Function: The XOR Gate

What Is an XOR Gate? One element conspicuously missing from the set of…


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DC Circuit Equations and Laws

DC Circuit Equations and Laws

Power Equation of Ohm’s Law and Joule’s Law    …


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Inductance

Inductance

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! One of the fundamental principles of…


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Kelvin (4-wire) Resistance Measurement

Kelvin (4-wire) Resistance Measurement

Suppose we wished to measure the resistance of some component located…


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Biasing Techniques (IGFET)

Biasing Techniques (IGFET)


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AC Lab - Build a Transformer

AC Lab - Build a Transformer

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a simple transformer and learn some important transformer fundamentals including voltage step-up and step-down.


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MESFETs

MESFETs


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Mutual Inductors

Mutual Inductors

Mutual inductors are inductors that capitalize the effect of mutual…


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Solving Simultaneous Equations: The Substitution Method and the Addition Method

Solving Simultaneous Equations: The Substitution Method and the Addition Method

What are Simultaneous Equations and Systems of Equations? The terms…


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Intro Lab - How to Use an Ammeter to Measure Current

Intro Lab - How to Use an Ammeter to Measure Current

In this hands-on introduction to electronics, you will experiment with a multimeter and learn how to measure current using the ammeter function.


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Counters

Counters

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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More on AC “polarity”

More on AC “polarity”

Complex numbers are useful for AC circuit analysis because they…


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Half-Adder

Half-Adder

As a first example of useful combinational logic, let’s build a…


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Radicals

Radicals

Definition of a Radical Given the expression where “x” is…


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Decibels

Decibels

The Bel is Used to Represent Gain In its simplest form, an…


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Winding Configurations

Winding Configurations

Transformers with Multiple Secondaries Transformers are very versatile…


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AC Lab - Variable Inductor

AC Lab - Variable Inductor

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a variable conductor and learn the impact of a metal core placed inside an inductor coil has on the inductance.


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Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

What shape of voltage waveform would you expect to measure (using an…


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Component Modeling

Component Modeling

When plotted on a curve tracer, the characteristic curve for a normal…


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Parallel Resistor-Inductor Circuits

Parallel Resistor-Inductor Circuits

Let’s take the same components for our series example circuit…


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Static Electricity

Static Electricity

It was discovered centuries ago that certain types of materials would…


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Successive Approximation ADC

Successive Approximation ADC

One method of addressing the digital ramp ADC’s shortcomings is…


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Voltage Regulation

Voltage Regulation

As we saw in a few SPICE analyses earlier in this chapter, the output…


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Class B BJT Amplifiers

Class B BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Resistance

Resistance

The circuit in the previous section is not a very practical one. In…


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Temperature Coefficients of Resistance Table

Temperature Coefficients of Resistance Table

Temperature coefficient (α) per degree C: Material Element/Alloy…


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