All About Circuits

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Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator

Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of an embedded microstrip.


Tools

Simple Circuits

Simple Circuits

Shown here is the schematic symbol for a resistor: What is the purpose…


Worksheets - PCBs

Basic Ammeter Use

Basic Ammeter Use

Show how this ammeter would be connected to the light bulb circuit to…


Worksheets - PCBs

Special Transformers and Applications

Special Transformers and Applications

Impedance Matching Because transformers can step voltage and current…


Textbook

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) theory

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) theory

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - PCBs

Creating Custom Calibration Resistances

Creating Custom Calibration Resistances

Often in the course of designing and building electrical meter…


Textbook

Copper Wire Ampacity Table

Copper Wire Ampacity Table

Ampacities of copper wire, in free air at 30o C: INSULATION TYPE…


Textbook

Inductance

Inductance

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! One of the fundamental principles of…


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Elementary Circuits

Elementary Circuits

In the simplest terms you can think of, define what an electrical…


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DC Lab - Build Your Own Multimeter

DC Lab - Build Your Own Multimeter

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a simple voltmeter and ammeter while learning some fundamentals about circuit measurements.


Textbook

Minterm vs Maxterm Solution

Minterm vs Maxterm Solution

So far we have been finding Sum-Of-Product (SOP) solutions to logic…


Textbook

Step-up, Step-down, and Isolation Transformers

Step-up, Step-down, and Isolation Transformers

Calculate the voltage output by the secondary winding of a transformer…


Worksheets - PCBs

Rectifying Diodes

Rectifying Diodes

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - PCBs

Edge Coupled Microstrip Impedance Calculator

Edge Coupled Microstrip Impedance Calculator

This tool helps calculate the impedance of an edge-coupled microstrip.


Tools

Microstrip Crosstalk Calculator

Microstrip Crosstalk Calculator

This tool is designed to calculate cross-talk coefficient and coupled voltage for a microstrip.


Tools

Soldering

Soldering

Both soldering irons and soldering guns are tools used in the process…


Worksheets - PCBs

Factors Affecting Inductance

Factors Affecting Inductance

There are four basic factors of inductor construction determining the…


Textbook

Heat Sink Calculator

Heat Sink Calculator

This calculator helps determine the maximum temperature a device can withstand


Tools

Basic Circuit Troubleshooting

Basic Circuit Troubleshooting

Determine if the light bulb will de-energize for each of the following…


Worksheets - PCBs

Copper Wire Gauge Table

Copper Wire Gauge Table

Solid Copper Wire Table Size Diameter (inches) Cross-sectional area…


Textbook

555 Lab - Schmitt Trigger

555 Lab - Schmitt Trigger

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a Schmitt trigger using a 555 timer and learn about hysteresis and the inner workings of the extremely versatile 555 timer IC.


Textbook

DC Lab - Thermoelectricity

DC Lab - Thermoelectricity

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a thermocouple to measure temperature changes and learn about the Seebeck effect.


Textbook

Analog Lab - Op Amp Integrator

Analog Lab - Op Amp Integrator

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an analog integrator using an operational amplifier and learn about integration functions, op amp input bias currents, and how to limit the voltage swing of a potentiometer.


Textbook

Applications of Resonance

Applications of Resonance

So far, the phenomenon of resonance appears to be a useless curiosity,…


Textbook

Octal and Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

Octal and Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

Although the prime intent of octal and hexadecimal numeration systems…


Textbook

Speed Distance Time Calculator

Speed Distance Time Calculator

This calculator will solve for either distance, time, or speed given two of the three parameters.


Tools

Rectifier Circuits

Rectifier Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - PCBs

Fundamentals of SPICE programming

Fundamentals of SPICE programming

Programming a circuit simulation with SPICE is much like programming…


Textbook

Multiple-input Gates

Multiple-input Gates

The Use of Logic Gate Inverters and buffers exhaust the possibilities…


Textbook

Some Examples with AC Circuits

Some Examples with AC Circuits

Let’s connect three AC voltage sources in series and use complex…


Textbook

Averager and Summer Circuits

Averager and Summer Circuits

If we take three equal resistors and connect one end of each to a…


Textbook

Microwave Tubes

Microwave Tubes

For extremely high-frequency applications (above 1 GHz), the…


Textbook

Nonlinear Conduction

Nonlinear Conduction

“Advances are made by answering questions. Discoveries are made…


Textbook

Microstrip Wavelength Calculator

Microstrip Wavelength Calculator

A tool designed to calculate the guided wavelength inside a microstrip.


Tools

Look-up Tables

Look-up Tables

Having learned about digital memory devices in the last chapter, we…


Textbook

Contributors (5)

Contributors (5)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…


Textbook

Physical Effects of Electricity

Physical Effects of Electricity

Certain substances are known to physically deform (shorten or…


Worksheets - PCBs

Comparator with Hysteresis (Schmitt Trigger) Calculator

Comparator with Hysteresis (Schmitt Trigger) Calculator

This calculator will compute the required resistor ratio (R2/R1) and reference voltage (VREF) to create the desired high (VTH) and low (VTL) threshold voltages in a non-inverting comparator circuit with hysteresis (commonly called a Schmitt trigger).


Tools

Bit Grouping

Bit Grouping

The singular reason for learning and using the binary numeration…


Textbook

Network Topology

Network Topology

Point-to-Point Connecting two digital devices with a network, would…


Textbook

Digital Lab - Basic 2-Input NAND Gate Circuit

Digital Lab - Basic 2-Input NAND Gate Circuit

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build and test a 2-input digital NAND gate with LED indicators and learn to read pinout diagrams, power a digital IC, connect unused inputs and outputs, and use pulldown resistors.


Textbook

High-Reliability Circuits

High-Reliability Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze relay…


Worksheets - PCBs

Strain Gauges

Strain Gauges

If a strip of conductive metal is stretched, it will become skinnier…


Textbook

Series Resistor-Capacitor Circuits

Series Resistor-Capacitor Circuits

In the last section, we learned what would happen in simple…


Textbook

Vol V. Credits

Vol V. Credits

All entries arranged in alphabetical order of surname. Major…


Textbook

Class A BJT Amplifiers

Class A BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - PCBs

Parallel Resistor Calculator

Parallel Resistor Calculator

Calculate the equivalent resistance of up to six resistors in parallel with ease while learning how to calculate resistance in parallel and the parallel resistance formula.


Tools

Memory Devices

Memory Devices

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


Worksheets - PCBs

Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

What shape of voltage waveform would you expect to measure (using an…


Worksheets - PCBs

Karnaugh Mapping

Karnaugh Mapping

Identify each of these logic gates by name, and complete their…


Worksheets - PCBs

Programmable Logic Controllers

Programmable Logic Controllers

The Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC, was invented in the late…


Worksheets - PCBs

Superposition Theorem

Superposition Theorem

The superposition theorem is one of those strokes of genius that takes…


Textbook

Wire Self Inductance Calculator

Wire Self Inductance Calculator

This calculator will help compute the inductance of a length of wire.


Tools

Active Versus Passive Devices

Active Versus Passive Devices

Passive Devices Components incapable of controlling current by means…


Textbook

Resistors

Resistors

Shown here is the schematic symbol for a resistor: What is the purpose…


Worksheets - PCBs

AC Power

AC Power

If a sinusoidal voltage is applied to an impedance with a phase angle…


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Miscellaneous Diode Applications

Miscellaneous Diode Applications

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Write an equation describing the precise mathematical relationship…


Worksheets - PCBs

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Shown here is a simplified representation of an atom: the smallest…


Worksheets - PCBs

Time Constant Calculations

Time Constant Calculations

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - PCBs