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Trace Resistance Calculator

Tools

This calculator determines the resistance of a microstrip trace

DC Lab - Build Your Own Multimeter

Textbook

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a simple voltmeter and ammeter while learning some fundamentals about circuit measurements.

DIY EE Lab - Setting Up a Home Electronics Lab

Textbook

To build the DIY electronics projects described in this textbook, you will need a small work area, a few tools, and some basic electronics supplies. This page describes the setup of a low-cost home electronics laboratory.

Boolean Algebra

Worksheets - PCBs

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…

Microstrip Trace Width Calculator

Tools

This tool is designed to compute for the trace width of a microstrip

Edge Coupled Trace Inductance Calculator

Tools

This calculator helps you compute for the inductance of an edge coupled trace.

Copper Wire Ampacity Table

Textbook

Ampacities of copper wire, in free air at 30o C: INSULATION TYPE…

Symmetric Stripline Impedance Calculator

Tools

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of a symmetric stripline.

Inductance

Worksheets - PCBs

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! One of the fundamental principles of…

Basic Voltmeter Use

Worksheets - PCBs

What will this voltmeter register when connected to a battery as shown…

Building Resistor Circuits Using Breadboards, Perfboards, and Terminal Strips

Textbook

Over the course of learning about electricity, you will want to…

Re-drawing Complex Schematics

Textbook

Typically, complex circuits are not arranged in nice, neat, clean…

AC Lab - Automotive Alternator as AC Generator

Textbook

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, you will use an automotive alternator to generate three-phase AC voltage and learn how alternators can function as both generators and motors.

Elementary Circuits

Worksheets - PCBs

In the simplest terms you can think of, define what an electrical…

Edge Coupled Microstrip Impedance Calculator

Tools

This tool helps calculate the impedance of an edge-coupled microstrip.

Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator

Tools

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of an embedded microstrip.

Microstrip Impedance Calculator

Tools

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of a microstrip.

Encoders and Decoders

Worksheets - PCBs

What does it mean, in general terms, to encode something? Conversely,…

Practical Considerations - Capacitors

Textbook

Capacitors, like all electrical components, have limitations that must…

Printed Circuit Board Layout and Manufacture

Worksheets - PCBs

When a PCB designer speaks of dimensions in thous or mils, what does…

Safe Circuit Design

Textbook

As we saw earlier, a power system with no secure connection to earth…

Contributors (13)

Textbook

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…

Series R, L, and C

Textbook

Let’s take the following example circuit and analyze it:  …

Enhancement-type IGFETs

Textbook

The NOT Gate

Textbook

The single-transistor inverter circuit illustrated earlier is actually…

Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

Textbook

What is an Operational Amplifier (Op-amp)? Operational Amplifiers,…

Microstrip Wavelength Calculator

Tools

A tool designed to calculate the guided wavelength inside a microstrip.

Active-mode Operation (BJT)

Textbook

When a transistor is in the fully-off state (like an open switch), it…

LC Tank Circuit Resonance Calculator

Tools

This calculator computes the resonant frequency of a parallel inductor and capacitor "tank" circuit.

Millman’s Theorem

Worksheets - PCBs

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

Biasing Techniques (BJT)

Textbook

In the common-emitter section of this chapter, we saw a SPICE analysis…

Si Lab - JFET Current Regulator

Textbook

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) current regulator and learn some of the advantages of JFETs over BJTs for current regulation.

Numbers and Symbols

Textbook

The expression of numerical quantities is something we tend to take…

Phasor Mathematics

Worksheets - PCBs

Provide a definition for phasor, as the term applies to electrical…

Field-effect-controlled Thyristors

Textbook

Two relatively recent technologies designed to reduce the…

Logarithms for Analog Circuits

Worksheets - PCBs

The concept of a mathematical power is familiar to most students of…

AC Motor Theory

Worksheets - PCBs

Electromechanical watt-hour meters use an aluminum disk that is spun…

Synchronous Condenser

Textbook

Synchronous motors load the power line with a leading power factor.…

Digital Logic Signals

Worksheets - PCBs

A rheostat (variable resistor) and a switch are both examples of…

Transistors, Insulated-gate Field-effect (IGFET or MOSFET)

Textbook

We have the symbols for depletion mode and enhancement mode MOSFETs -…

Voltage/Current Converter OpAmp Circuits

Worksheets - PCBs

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

Solving Simultaneous Equations: The Substitution Method and the Addition Method

Textbook

What are Simultaneous Equations and Systems of Equations? The terms…

Capacitive Reactance

Worksheets - PCBs

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

Introduction to Digital Communication

Textbook

In the design of large and complex digital systems, it is often…

Shift Registers: Serial-in, Serial-out

Textbook

Serial-in, serial-out shift registers delay data by one clock time for…

AC Lab - Induction Motor

Textbook

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a simple AC permanent capacitor split-phase induction motor and learn the principles of AC induction motor function.

Binary Count Sequence

Textbook

If we examine a four-bit binary count sequence from 0000 to 1111, a…

Low-pass Filters

Textbook

By definition, a low-pass filter is a circuit offering easy passage to…

Digital Lab - 10-bit Flashing LED Sequencer

Textbook

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build and test an automated circuit that sequentially flashes 10 LED, and learn about counters, frequency dividers, and switch debouncing.

Active-mode Operation (JFET)

Textbook

JFETs, like bipolar transistors, are able to “throttle”…

Complex Voltage and Current Calculations

Textbook

There are circumstances when you may need to analyze a DC reactive…

Bipolar Junction Transistors

Textbook

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was named because its operation…

Intro Lab - How to Use a Voltmeter to Measure Voltage

Textbook

In this hands-on introduction to electronics, you will experiment with a multimeter and learn how to measure voltage using the voltmeter function.

Bridged-Tee Attenuator Calculator

Tools

This calculator helps you determine the values of the resistors R1 and R2 to be used for a bridged-tee attenuator.

Computational Circuits

Textbook

When someone mentions the word “computer,” a digital…

Basic Operational Amplifiers

Worksheets - PCBs

Determine the output voltage polarity of this op-amp (with reference…

Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator

Tools

This tool calculates the dimensions of the microstrip patch antenna given the desired operating frequency.

Step-up and Step-down Transformers

Textbook

So far, we’ve observed simulations of transformers where the…

Octal and Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

Textbook

Although the prime intent of octal and hexadecimal numeration systems…

Advanced Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Worksheets - PCBs

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! Electronic power conversion circuits known…