All About Circuits

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Millman’s Theorem

Millman’s Theorem

In Millman’s Theorem, the circuit is re-drawn as a parallel…


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RF Power Ratio Conversion Calculator

RF Power Ratio Conversion Calculator

This tool is designed to convert power ratios to decibel


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Synchronous Motors

Synchronous Motors

Single Phase Synchronous Motors Single-phase synchronous motors are…


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The Common-base Amplifier

The Common-base Amplifier

The final transistor amplifier configuration (Figure below) we need to…


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Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

So far, we’ve explored tubes which are totally…


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Ammeter Design

Ammeter Design

Ammeters Measure Electrical Current A meter designed to measure…


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An Electric Pendulum

An Electric Pendulum

Capacitors store energy in the form of an electric field, and…


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Ohm’s Law - How Voltage, Current, and Resistance Relate

Ohm’s Law - How Voltage, Current, and Resistance Relate

The first, and perhaps most important, relationship between current,…


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Analog Lab - Class B Audio Amplifier

Analog Lab - Class B Audio Amplifier

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a Class B push-pull audio amplifier to drive a speaker and learn about crossover distortion and how to minimize it using negative feedback.


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Op-Amp Voltage and Gain Calculator

Op-Amp Voltage and Gain Calculator

A calculator for computing the gain and output voltage of an operational amplifier


Tools

Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums Expressions

Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums Expressions

Identify each of these logic gates by name, and complete their…


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Special-purpose Batteries

Special-purpose Batteries

Mercury Standard Cell Back in the early days of electrical measurement…


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Single-ended and Differential Amplifiers

Single-ended and Differential Amplifiers

For ease of drawing complex circuit diagrams, electronic amplifiers…


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Time Constant Circuits

Time Constant Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Protective Relays

Protective Relays

A special type of relay is one that monitors the current, voltage,…


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Wound Rotor Induction Motors

Wound Rotor Induction Motors

A wound rotor induction motor has a stator like a squirrel cage…


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BJT Amplifier Troubleshooting

BJT Amplifier Troubleshooting

As an instructor of electronics, I am called upon frequently to help…


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Boolean Algebra

Boolean Algebra

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Basic Troubleshooting Strategies

Basic Troubleshooting Strategies

A chandelier has five light bulbs in it, and one of them is not…


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Biasing Techniques (BJT)

Biasing Techniques (BJT)

In the common-emitter section of this chapter, we saw a SPICE analysis…


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DC Bridge Circuits

DC Bridge Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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DC Lab - Potentiometric Voltmeter

DC Lab - Potentiometric Voltmeter

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a null-balancing potentiometric voltmeter and learn how to prevent a voltmeter from changing the voltage it is measuring.


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Capacitor Sizing Equation

Capacitor Sizing Equation

Capacitance Formula     Permittivity of Dielectric  …


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555 Lab - Introduction to the 555 Timer IC

555 Lab - Introduction to the 555 Timer IC

In this collection of hands-on electronics experiments, build and test mixed-signal analog and digital circuits using the versatile 555 timer IC. These projects will teach you about RC time constants, duty cycle, transistor current drive, LEDs, voltage doublers, and more.


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Converting Between Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Converting Between Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Since Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorems are two…


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Asymmetric Stripline Impedance Calculator

Asymmetric Stripline Impedance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of an asymmetric stripline


Tools

AC Lab - Large Induction Motor

AC Lab - Large Induction Motor

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a large AC permanent capacitor split-phase induction motor and learn the principles of AC induction motor function.


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The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

Shockley Diodes and Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) Shockley…


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Shift Registers: Serial-in, Parallel-out  (SIPO) Conversion

Shift Registers: Serial-in, Parallel-out (SIPO) Conversion

A serial-in, parallel-out shift register is similar to the serial-in,…


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Specific Troubleshooting Techniques

Specific Troubleshooting Techniques

After applying some of the general troubleshooting tips to narrow the…


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The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

Unijunction transistor: Although a unijunction transistor is not a…


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Magnetism

Magnetism

A permanent magnet is a device that retains a magnetic field without…


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Karnaugh Mapping

Karnaugh Mapping

Identify each of these logic gates by name, and complete their…


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Don’t Care Cells in the Karnaugh Map

Don’t Care Cells in the Karnaugh Map

Up to this point we have considered logic reduction problems where…


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Derivatives of Power Functions of e

Derivatives of Power Functions of e

Example Derivatives of e Proportionality Constant When we say that a…


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Motor Control Circuits

Motor Control Circuits

The interlock contacts installed in the previous section’s motor…


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Digital Logic With Feedback

Digital Logic With Feedback

With simple gate and combinational logic circuits, there is a definite…


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Practical Considerations - Inductors

Practical Considerations - Inductors

Inductors, like all electrical components, have limitations which must…


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Winding Configurations

Winding Configurations

Transformers with Multiple Secondaries Transformers are very versatile…


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Quantum Physics

Quantum Physics

“I think it is safe to say that no one understands quantum…


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Converting Between Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Converting Between Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Since Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorems are two…


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Introduction to Insulated-gate Field-effect Transistors

Introduction to Insulated-gate Field-effect Transistors

As was stated in the last chapter, there is more than one type of…


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Passive Integrator and Differentiator Circuits

Passive Integrator and Differentiator Circuits

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! Calculus is a branch of mathematics that…


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Transistor Ratings and Packages (JFET)

Transistor Ratings and Packages (JFET)


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AC Waveforms

AC Waveforms

When an alternator produces AC voltage, the voltage switches polarity…


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Temperature Coefficients of Resistance Table

Temperature Coefficients of Resistance Table

Temperature coefficient (α) per degree C: Material Element/Alloy…


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DC Lab - Introduction

DC Lab - Introduction

In this series of hands-on electronics experiments, you will build direct current (DC) circuits and learn fundamental electrical engineering circuit concepts.


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Series Resistor-Capacitor Circuits

Series Resistor-Capacitor Circuits

In the last section, we learned what would happen in simple…


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EIRP Calculator

EIRP Calculator

A helpful tool for computing the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of an antenna


Tools

Active Filters

Active Filters

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Other Waveshapes

Other Waveshapes

As strange as it may seem, any repeating, non-sinusoidal waveform is…


Textbook

Basic Oscilloscope Operation

Basic Oscilloscope Operation

An oscilloscope is a very useful piece of electronic test equipment.…


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Introduction to Boolean Algebra

Introduction to Boolean Algebra

Mathematical rules are based on the defining limits we place on the…


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What is Alternating Current (AC)?

What is Alternating Current (AC)?

Most students of electricity begin their study with what is known as…


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Power Measurement

Power Measurement

Power measurement in AC circuits can be quite a bit more complex than…


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The P-N Junction

The P-N Junction

If a block of P-type semiconductor is placed in contact with a block…


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Analog Lab - 555 Ramp Signal Generator

Analog Lab - 555 Ramp Signal Generator

In this hands-on electronics experiment, construct a signal generator circuit that creates two different types of ramp signals and learn how capacitors charge when connected to resistors and constant current sources.


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Relay Construction

Relay Construction

Electricity and Magnetism An electric current through a conductor will…


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Finite-state Machine

Finite-state Machine

Feedback is a fascinating engineering principle. It can turn a rather…


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Arithmetic with Scientific Notation

Arithmetic with Scientific Notation

The benefits of scientific notation do not end with ease of writing…


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