All About Circuits

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More on AC “polarity”

More on AC “polarity”

Complex numbers are useful for AC circuit analysis because they…


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Elementary Circuits

Elementary Circuits

In the simplest terms you can think of, define what an electrical…


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Batteries

Batteries

If I wanted to build a battery-powered electric drill, would it be…


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Junction field-effect transistors (JFET)

Junction field-effect transistors (JFET)

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Bipolar Junction Transistors

Bipolar Junction Transistors

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was named because its operation…


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Energy, Work, and Power

Energy, Work, and Power

Define the following terms: energy, work, and power.


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Three-phase Power Systems

Three-phase Power Systems

What is Split-Phase Power Systems? Split-phase power systems achieve…


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Ohmmeter Design

Ohmmeter Design

Though mechanical ohmmeter (resistance meter) designs are rarely used…


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555 Lab - Schmitt Trigger

555 Lab - Schmitt Trigger

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a Schmitt trigger using a 555 timer and learn about hysteresis and the inner workings of the extremely versatile 555 timer IC.


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Series-Parallel DC Circuits

Series-Parallel DC Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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High-Reliability Circuits

High-Reliability Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze relay…


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Rectifying Diodes

Rectifying Diodes

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Calculating Power Factor

Calculating Power Factor

As was mentioned before, the angle of this “power…


Textbook

Si Lab - A Simple BJT Current Mirror Circuit

Si Lab - A Simple BJT Current Mirror Circuit

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple current mirror using matched bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and learn about current mirror circuit limitations, the temperature dependence of BJTs, and thermal runaway.


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Capacitors

Capacitors

Identify some of the different types of capacitors, and their…


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How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

This page will walk you step-by-step through the process of…


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Introduction to Diodes And Rectifiers

Introduction to Diodes And Rectifiers

All About Diodes A diode is an electrical device allowing current to…


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AC Network Analysis

AC Network Analysis

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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DC Generator Theory

DC Generator Theory

Generators used in battery-charging systems must be regulated so as to…


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Performance-Based Assessments for AC Circuit Competencies

Performance-Based Assessments for AC Circuit Competencies

(Template)


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Decibel Measurements

Decibel Measurements

During the early development of telephone technology, a unit was…


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Design Project: Arbitrary Waveform Generator

Design Project: Arbitrary Waveform Generator

What, exactly, is an arbitrary waveform generator, and for what…


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RMS Voltage Calculator

RMS Voltage Calculator

This calculator calculates the RMS Voltage value from either the peak voltage, the peak-to-peak voltage, or the average voltage.


Tools

Winding Configurations

Winding Configurations

Transformers with Multiple Secondaries Transformers are very versatile…


Textbook

AC Lab - Build a Transformer

AC Lab - Build a Transformer

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a simple transformer and learn some important transformer fundamentals including voltage step-up and step-down.


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Basic Logic Gates

Basic Logic Gates

Identify the type of logic gate shown in this schematic diagram, and…


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Passive Integrator and Differentiator Circuits

Passive Integrator and Differentiator Circuits

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! Calculus is a branch of mathematics that…


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Electromechanical Relay Logic

Electromechanical Relay Logic

In ladder logic symbolism, an electromechanical relay coil is shown as…


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RF Power Conversion Calculator

RF Power Conversion Calculator

A tool designed to convert RF power from watts to decibels and vice versa


Tools

DC Metrology

DC Metrology

Define the following metrological terms: • Uncertainty • Accuracy…


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Solving Unbalanced Wheatstone Bridge Circuits Via Mesh Current Method

Solving Unbalanced Wheatstone Bridge Circuits Via Mesh Current Method

An unbalanced Wheatstone bridge cannot be solved using simple series…


Textbook

Si Lab - A Simple BJT Current Mirror Circuit

Si Lab - A Simple BJT Current Mirror Circuit

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple current mirror using matched bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and learn about current mirror circuit limitations, the temperature dependence of BJTs, and thermal runaway.


Textbook

What Are Zener Diodes?

What Are Zener Diodes?

What Is a Zener Diode? A Zener diode is a special type of rectifying…


Textbook

Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

This calculator determines the bias and feedback of resistors for an inverting op-amp.


Tools

DC Mesh Current Analysis

DC Mesh Current Analysis

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Time Constant Calculations

Time Constant Calculations

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) uses digital signals to control power…


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Trigonometry for AC Circuits

Trigonometry for AC Circuits

Identify which trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, or tangent) are…


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Series-Parallel Combination AC Circuits

Series-Parallel Combination AC Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Junction Field-effect Transistors

Junction Field-effect Transistors

The field effect transistor was proposed by Julius Lilienfeld in US…


Textbook

Multiplexers

Multiplexers

A multiplexer, abbreviated mux, is a device that has multiple inputs…


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Transistor Biasing Calculations

Transistor Biasing Calculations

Although transistor switching circuits operate without bias, it is…


Textbook

Si Lab - Simple Op Amp

Si Lab - Simple Op Amp

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a custom operational amplifier (op amp) and learn about the application of current mirrors and the use of negative feedback in op amp circuits.


Textbook

Encoder

Encoder

What is an Encoder? An encoder is a circuit that changes a set of…


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Design Project: Audio Media-Based Signal Generator

Design Project: Audio Media-Based Signal Generator

Identify some different ways you can create the sine-wave audio tracks…


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Parallel Circuit Rules

Parallel Circuit Rules

Voltage Components in a parallel circuit share the same voltage:…


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Digital Logic Signals

Digital Logic Signals

A rheostat (variable resistor) and a switch are both examples of…


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Electron Versus Conventional Flow

Electron Versus Conventional Flow

In this electrical circuit, trace the direction of current through the…


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AC phase

AC phase

If we were to express the series-connected DC voltages as phasors…


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Static Electricity

Static Electricity

What does it mean for an object to have an electric charge? Give an…


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High Voltage Ohmmeters

High Voltage Ohmmeters

Most ohmmeters of the design shown in the previous section utilize a…


Textbook

An Analogy for Divided Feedback

An Analogy for Divided Feedback

A helpful analogy for understanding divided feedback amplifier…


Textbook

Practical Considerations of ADC Circuits

Practical Considerations of ADC Circuits

Perhaps the most important consideration of an ADC is its resolution.…


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Bridge Circuits

Bridge Circuits

No text on electrical metering could be called complete without a…


Textbook

Contributors (7)

Contributors (7)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…


Textbook

What is a Meter?

What is a Meter?

A meter is any device built to accurately detect and display an…


Textbook

Other Waveshapes

Other Waveshapes

As strange as it may seem, any repeating, non-sinusoidal waveform is…


Textbook

Coil Inductance Calculator

Coil Inductance Calculator

This calculator computes the inductance of a wire coil.


Tools

Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Digital-to-Analog Conversion

If a pulse-width modulated (PWM) signal is sent to a passive…


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Inductor Quirks

Inductor Quirks

In an ideal case, an inductor acts as a purely reactive device. That…


Textbook