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TTL Logic Gates

TTL Logic Gates

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Intro Lab - Nonlinear Resistance

Intro Lab - Nonlinear Resistance

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will compare the resistance of a lamp filament in its on and off states and learn about nonlinear resistances by applying Ohm's law.


Textbook

Intro Lab - How to Use an Ammeter to Measure Current

Intro Lab - How to Use an Ammeter to Measure Current

In this hands-on introduction to electronics, you will experiment with a multimeter and learn how to measure current using the ammeter function.


Textbook

Instrumentation Amplifier Gain Calculator

Instrumentation Amplifier Gain Calculator

The instrumentation amplifier calculator will assist in the design and analysis of a conventional instrumentation amplifier circuit by calculating the required resistor values and gain.


Tools

Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits

Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Mixed-Frequency Signals

Mixed-Frequency Signals

What is a harmonic frequency? If an oscillator circuit outputs a…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Rectifying Diodes

Rectifying Diodes

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

DC Lab - Potentiometer as a Rheostat

DC Lab - Potentiometer as a Rheostat

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will use a potentiometer as a variable resistor to control the speed of a motor and learn how to connect a potentiometer as a rheostat.


Textbook

Strain Gauges

Strain Gauges

If a strip of conductive metal is stretched, it will become skinnier…


Textbook

Some Examples with AC Circuits

Some Examples with AC Circuits

Let’s connect three AC voltage sources in series and use complex…


Textbook

Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Every meter impacts the circuit it is measuring to some extent, just…


Textbook

Si Lab - BJT Common-collector Voltage Follower

Si Lab - BJT Common-collector Voltage Follower

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a voltage follower amplifier using a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) in common-collector configuration and learn about circuit ground and impedance transformations.


Textbook

Conductor Ampacity

Conductor Ampacity

The smaller the cross-sectional area of any given wire, the greater…


Textbook

Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier With Output Filtering

Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier With Output Filtering

In this hands-on semiconductor experiment, build an improved full-wave rectifier with output filtering and learn about capacitive filtering in AC-to-DC power converters.


Textbook

DC Lab - Sensitive Voltage Detector With Audio Output

DC Lab - Sensitive Voltage Detector With Audio Output

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will construct a voltage detector with adjustable sensitivity and audio output, and you will learn a method for detecting small electrical signals without an oscilloscope.


Textbook

Time Constant Circuits

Time Constant Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Input and Output Coupling

Input and Output Coupling

To overcome the challenge of creating necessary DC bias voltage for an…


Textbook

Intro Lab - A Simple Lighting Circuit

Intro Lab - A Simple Lighting Circuit

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a battery-operated circuit with a light and learn about open and short circuit failures.


Textbook

Troubleshooting Series and Parallel Circuits

Troubleshooting Series and Parallel Circuits

The jobs of electronics engineers and technicians frequently entail…


Textbook

Safety Grounding

Safety Grounding

In simple AC power systems, one of the two conductors is typically…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Batteries

Batteries

If I wanted to build a battery-powered electric drill, would it be…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Emergency Response

Emergency Response

Despite lock-out/tag-out procedures and multiple repetitions of…


Textbook

Basic Ohmmeter Use

Basic Ohmmeter Use

Explain how an ohmmeter is able to measure the resistance of a…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Questions to Ask Before Proceeding

Questions to Ask Before Proceeding

Has the system ever worked before? If yes, has anything happened to…


Textbook

Meter Check of a Diode

Meter Check of a Diode

The Functionality of Diode Polarity Being able to determine the…


Textbook

Clipper Circuits

Clipper Circuits

A circuit which removes the peak of a waveform is known as a clipper.…


Textbook

Beam Power Tubes

Beam Power Tubes

In the beam power tube, the basic four-element structure of the…


Textbook

Switches, Process Actuated

Switches, Process Actuated

It is very important to keep in mind that the “normal”…


Textbook

Factors Affecting Capacitance

Factors Affecting Capacitance

There are three basic factors of capacitor construction determining…


Textbook

DC Lab - Sensitive Voltage Detector With Audio Output

DC Lab - Sensitive Voltage Detector With Audio Output

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will construct a voltage detector with adjustable sensitivity and audio output, and you will learn a method for detecting small electrical signals without an oscilloscope.


Textbook

The TRIAC

The TRIAC

SCRs are unidirectional (one-way) current devices, making them useful…


Textbook

Protective Relay Circuits

Protective Relay Circuits

Protective relays are special power-sensing devices whose job it is to…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Special Transformers and Applications

Special Transformers and Applications

Impedance Matching Because transformers can step voltage and current…


Textbook

DC Bridge Circuits

DC Bridge Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Op-Amp Practical Considerations

Op-Amp Practical Considerations

Real operational amplifiers have some imperfections compared to an…


Textbook

Si Lab - Differential Amplifier

Si Lab - Differential Amplifier

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a BJT differential amplifier and learn about a fundamental building block that is the basis of most operational amplifiers.


Textbook

DC Lab - Current Divider

DC Lab - Current Divider

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build resistive current dividers and observe how Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's current law function in real circuits using a voltmeter and an ammeter.


Textbook

Step-up, Step-down, and Isolation Transformers

Step-up, Step-down, and Isolation Transformers

Calculate the voltage output by the secondary winding of a transformer…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Tube Lab - Vacuum Tube Audio Amplifier

Tube Lab - Vacuum Tube Audio Amplifier

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an audio amplifier using a vacuum tube (triode) and learn about voltage transformers, how to build a high-voltage DC power supply, and how to use a transformer for impedance matching.


Textbook

Numeration Systems

Numeration Systems

Digital computers communicate with external devices through ports:…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Analog Lab - 555 Oscillator (Astable Multivibrator)

Analog Lab - 555 Oscillator (Astable Multivibrator)

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an oscillator using a 555 timer and learn the theory of operation of the 555 timer when configured as an astable multivibrator.


Textbook

Power Density Calculator

Power Density Calculator

A tool designed to calculate the power density of an antenna


Tools

Biasing Techniques (IGFET)

Biasing Techniques (IGFET)


Textbook

Branch Current Method Analysis

Branch Current Method Analysis

The most straightforward DC network analysis technique is the branch…


Textbook

Series Circuit Rules

Series Circuit Rules

Current Components in a series circuit share the same current: Itotal…


Textbook

Bipolar Junction Transistors

Bipolar Junction Transistors

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was named because its operation…


Textbook

How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

This page will walk you step-by-step through the process of…


Textbook

Electron Versus Conventional Flow

Electron Versus Conventional Flow

In this electrical circuit, trace the direction of current through the…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

DC Lab - Potato Battery

DC Lab - Potato Battery

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will create a battery from a potato (yes! a potato) and learn about the relationship between chemical energy and electric energy.


Textbook

The D Latch

The D Latch

Since the enable input on a gated S-R latch provides a way to latch…


Textbook

Convert MCD to Lumens

Convert MCD to Lumens

This calculator is useful for calculating the luminous flux for LEDs where the angle is known.


Tools

JFET Biasing Techniques

JFET Biasing Techniques

Using an example, learn about the different bias techniques for junction field effect transistors (JFETs) like the constant voltage bias, self-bias configuration, and voltage divider biasing.


Textbook

Flip-Flop Circuits

Flip-Flop Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Active-mode Operation (IGFET)

Active-mode Operation (IGFET)


Textbook

Contributors (15)

Contributors (15)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…


Textbook

Hysteresis

Hysteresis

Thyristors are a class of semiconductor components exhibiting…


Textbook

Design Project: AC-DC Power Supply

Design Project: AC-DC Power Supply

Safety is very important when designing and/or building a device…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Contact “Bounce”

Contact “Bounce”

When a switch is actuated and contacts touch one another under the…


Textbook

Thyristors

Thyristors

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement

Resistors

Resistors

Shown here is the schematic symbol for a resistor: What is the purpose…


Worksheets - Test & Measurement