All About Circuits

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Microstrip Wavelength Calculator

Microstrip Wavelength Calculator

A tool designed to calculate the guided wavelength inside a microstrip.


Tools

Electric Fields and Capacitance

Electric Fields and Capacitance

Introduction Whenever an electric voltage exists between two separated…


Textbook

Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction

While Oersted’s surprising discovery of electromagnetism paved…


Textbook

Absolute dB scales

Absolute dB scales

Decibel as Absolute Unit of Power It is also possible to use the…


Textbook

ElectroStatic Discharge

ElectroStatic Discharge

At the start of this book, we discussed static electricity and how it…


Textbook

Network Protocols

Network Protocols

Aside from the issues of the physical network (signal types and…


Textbook

Radio Circuits

Radio Circuits

(a) Crystal radio. (b) Modulated RF at antenna. (c) Rectified RF at…


Textbook

Power Added Efficiency Calculator

Power Added Efficiency Calculator

A calculator designed to compute the power-added efficiency (PAE) of an amplifier


Tools

Questions to Ask Before Proceeding

Questions to Ask Before Proceeding

Has the system ever worked before? If yes, has anything happened to…


Textbook

Square Wave Signals

Square Wave Signals

It has been found that any repeating, non-sinusoidal waveform can be…


Textbook

N-Way Power Divider Calculator

N-Way Power Divider Calculator

This calculator determines the total path loss provided by an RF n-way power splitter.


Tools

AC Waveforms

AC Waveforms

When an alternator produces AC voltage, the voltage switches polarity…


Textbook

Permanent Magnets

Permanent Magnets

Centuries ago, it was discovered that certain types of mineral rock…


Textbook

Frequency and Phase Measurement

Frequency and Phase Measurement

An important electrical quantity with no equivalent in DC circuits is…


Textbook

Impedance Matching With Transformers

Impedance Matching With Transformers

Suppose you were to take a 3 kW electric heater rated for 240 VAC and…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Signal Modulation

Signal Modulation

A modern method of electrical power control involves inserting a…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Band Theory of Solids

Band Theory of Solids

Quantum physics describes the states of electrons in an atom according…


Textbook

Waveguide Calculator (Circular)

Waveguide Calculator (Circular)

This tool calculates the cutoff frequency of a circular waveguide


Tools

Magnetic Units of Measurement

Magnetic Units of Measurement

If the burden of two systems of measurement for common quantities…


Textbook

Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism

The discovery of the relationship between magnetism and electricity…


Textbook

Bridged-Tee Attenuator Calculator

Bridged-Tee Attenuator Calculator

This calculator helps you determine the values of the resistors R1 and R2 to be used for a bridged-tee attenuator.


Tools

Introduction to SPICE

Introduction to SPICE

“With Electronics Workbench, you can create circuit schematics…


Textbook

Inductance, Reactance, and Admittance Calculator

Inductance, Reactance, and Admittance Calculator

This calculator gives the reactance and admittance of an inductor or the inductance given the reactance of an inductor


Tools

Digital Memory Terms and Concepts

Digital Memory Terms and Concepts

When we store information in some kind of circuit or device, we not…


Textbook

Latch Circuits

Latch Circuits

What do you think this logic buffer gate will do, with the output…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Broadside Coupled Trace Inductance Calculator

Broadside Coupled Trace Inductance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the inductance of a broadside coupled trace.


Tools

Phase Rotation

Phase Rotation

Three-Phase Alternator Let’s take the three-phase alternator…


Textbook

Finite-state Machine

Finite-state Machine

Feedback is a fascinating engineering principle. It can turn a rather…


Textbook

Flash ADC

Flash ADC

Also called the parallel A/D converter, this circuit is the simplest…


Textbook

Copper Wire Gauge Table

Copper Wire Gauge Table

Solid Copper Wire Table Size Diameter (inches) Cross-sectional area…


Textbook

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Write an equation describing the precise mathematical relationship…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Demultiplexers

Demultiplexers

A demultiplexer, sometimes abbreviated dmux, is a circuit that has one…


Textbook

Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

So far, we’ve explored tubes which are totally…


Textbook

Converting Between Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Converting Between Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Since Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorems are two…


Textbook

Time Constant Equations

Time Constant Equations

Value of time constant in series RC and RL circuits   Time…


Textbook

Special-purpose Batteries

Special-purpose Batteries

Mercury Standard Cell Back in the early days of electrical measurement…


Textbook

BJT Quirks

BJT Quirks

An ideal transistor would show 0% distortion in amplifying a signal.…


Textbook

Shift Registers: Serial-in, Parallel-out  (SIPO) Conversion

Shift Registers: Serial-in, Parallel-out (SIPO) Conversion

A serial-in, parallel-out shift register is similar to the serial-in,…


Textbook

AC Voltmeters and Ammeters

AC Voltmeters and Ammeters

AC electromechanical meter movements come in two basic arrangements:…


Textbook

Diode Switching Circuits

Diode Switching Circuits

Diodes can perform switching and digital logic operations. Forward and…


Textbook

Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

“All men are liable to error;” —John Locke Whereas…


Textbook

Lock-out / Tag-out

Lock-out / Tag-out

In this motor control circuit, how would you ensure that there is no…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Si Lab - Intro to Discrete Semiconductor Circuits

Si Lab - Intro to Discrete Semiconductor Circuits

In these hands-on semiconductor electronics experiments, learn to build and test circuits using discrete silicon (Si) devices, including diodes and transistors. Also, learn important circuit designs, including rectifiers, current mirrors, amplifiers, and oscillators.


Textbook

Differential Transistor Amplifiers

Differential Transistor Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Analog Lab - Voltage Comparator

Analog Lab - Voltage Comparator

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an analog voltage comparator circuit and learn how open-loop operational amplifiers function.


Textbook

Mutual Inductors

Mutual Inductors

Mutual inductors are inductors that capitalize the effect of mutual…


Textbook

DC Lab - Potentiometer Voltage Divider

DC Lab - Potentiometer Voltage Divider

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will use potentiometers to vary a voltage and learn about voltage divider ratios and potentiometer applications.


Textbook

Passive Integrator and Differentiator Circuits

Passive Integrator and Differentiator Circuits

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! Calculus is a branch of mathematics that…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Non-right Triangle Trigonometry

Non-right Triangle Trigonometry

The Law of Sines (for any triangle) The Law of Cosines (for any…


Textbook

The Common-drain Amplifier (IGFET)

The Common-drain Amplifier (IGFET)


Textbook

Si Lab - Multi-stage Amplifier

Si Lab - Multi-stage Amplifier

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, construct a three-stage common-emitter amplifier using bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and learn about multi-stage gain and feedback.


Textbook

Batteries

Batteries

If I wanted to build a battery-powered electric drill, would it be…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Microprocessor Programming

Microprocessor Programming

What is the difference between a JMP (“jump”) instruction and a…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Diodes

Diodes

A diode is an electronics component made from a combination of a…


Textbook

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Many electronic circuits use what is called a split or a dual power…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Electron Versus Conventional Flow

Electron Versus Conventional Flow

In this electrical circuit, trace the direction of current through the…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Voltage Signal Systems

Voltage Signal Systems

The use of variable voltage for instrumentation signals seems a rather…


Textbook

General Troubleshooting Tips

General Troubleshooting Tips

When first approaching a failed or otherwise misbehaving system, the…


Textbook

Polar Form and Rectangular Form Notation for Complex Numbers

Polar Form and Rectangular Form Notation for Complex Numbers

In order to work with complex numbers without drawing vectors, we…


Textbook

Basic Algebra and Graphing for Electric Circuits

Basic Algebra and Graphing for Electric Circuits

Many different equations used in the analysis of electric circuits may…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF