All About Circuits

Latest Wireless/RF Education

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Frequency and Phase Measurement

Frequency and Phase Measurement

An important electrical quantity with no equivalent in DC circuits is…


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Free Space Path Loss Calculator

Free Space Path Loss Calculator

This calculator calculates the free space loss, given the distance, frequency, and gain, between two antennas.


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Three-phase Transformer Circuits

Three-phase Transformer Circuits

Since three-phase is used so often for power distribution systems, it…


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High-pass Filters

High-pass Filters

A high-pass filter’s task is just the opposite of a low-pass…


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Special Transformers and Applications

Special Transformers and Applications

Impedance Matching Because transformers can step voltage and current…


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Pi Attenuator Calculator

Pi Attenuator Calculator

This calculator helps you determine the values of the resistors R1 and R2 to be used for a Pi Attenuator.


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Parallel Wire Inductance Calculator

Parallel Wire Inductance Calculator

This tool is designed to calculate the inductance of two parallel wires


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Radio Circuits

Radio Circuits

(a) Crystal radio. (b) Modulated RF at antenna. (c) Rectified RF at…


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Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

What shape of voltage waveform would you expect to measure (using an…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Characteristic Impedance

Characteristic Impedance

The Parallel Wires of Infinite Length Suppose, though, that we had a…


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Permanent Magnets

Permanent Magnets

Centuries ago, it was discovered that certain types of mineral rock…


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Power Density Calculator

Power Density Calculator

A tool designed to calculate the power density of an antenna


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AC Waveforms

AC Waveforms

When an alternator produces AC voltage, the voltage switches polarity…


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Absolute dB scales

Absolute dB scales

Decibel as Absolute Unit of Power It is also possible to use the…


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Susceptance and Admittance

Susceptance and Admittance

What is Conductance? In the study of DC circuits, the student of…


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“Long’’ and “Short’’ Transmission Lines

“Long’’ and “Short’’ Transmission Lines

In DC and low-frequency AC circuits, the characteristic impedance of…


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EIRP Calculator

EIRP Calculator

A helpful tool for computing the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of an antenna


Tools

Simple Parallel (Tank Circuit) Resonance

Simple Parallel (Tank Circuit) Resonance

Resonance in a Tank Circuit A condition of resonance will be…


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N-Way Power Divider Calculator

N-Way Power Divider Calculator

This calculator determines the total path loss provided by an RF n-way power splitter.


Tools

Friis Transmission Calculator

Friis Transmission Calculator

This calculator allows you to solve for any of the six variables in the Friis formula for RF transmission: transmitter power, transmitter gain, receiver power, receiver gain, frequency, or distance.


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Specific Resistance

Specific Resistance

Designing Wire Resistance Conductor ampacity rating is a crude…


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How to Calculate Power in a Series and Parallel Circuit

How to Calculate Power in a Series and Parallel Circuit

When calculating the power dissipation of resistive components, we can…


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Coil Inductance Calculator

Coil Inductance Calculator

This calculator computes the inductance of a wire coil.


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Precise Diode Circuits

Precise Diode Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Scientific Notation

Scientific Notation

In many disciplines of science and engineering, very large and very…


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Early Tube History

Early Tube History

Thomas Edison, that prolific American inventor, is often credited with…


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Series LED Resistor Calculator

Series LED Resistor Calculator

This series LED resistance calculator is perfect for when you have a single LED or a number of the same color of LEDs in series and need to know which resistor you should use.


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Diodes

Diodes

A diode is an electronics component made from a combination of a…


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AC Lab - Large Induction Motor

AC Lab - Large Induction Motor

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a large AC permanent capacitor split-phase induction motor and learn the principles of AC induction motor function.


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Circuit Wiring

Circuit Wiring

So far, we’ve been analyzing single-battery, single-resistor…


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Half-Adder

Half-Adder

As a first example of useful combinational logic, let’s build a…


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AC Waveforms

AC Waveforms

Radio waves are comprised of oscillating electric and magnetic fields,…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Impedance

Impedance

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Digital Lab - Basic 2-Input NAND Gate Circuit

Digital Lab - Basic 2-Input NAND Gate Circuit

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build and test a 2-input digital NAND gate with LED indicators and learn to read pinout diagrams, power a digital IC, connect unused inputs and outputs, and use pulldown resistors.


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Voltmeter Design

Voltmeter Design

Suppose I were about to measure an unknown voltage with a manual-range…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Analog Lab - Op Amp Integrator

Analog Lab - Op Amp Integrator

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an analog integrator using an operational amplifier and learn about integration functions, op amp input bias currents, and how to limit the voltage swing of a potentiometer.


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Introduction to Digital-Analog Conversion

Introduction to Digital-Analog Conversion

Connecting digital circuitry to sensor devices is simple if the sensor…


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Biasing Techniques (BJT)

Biasing Techniques (BJT)

In the common-emitter section of this chapter, we saw a SPICE analysis…


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Analog Lab - Precision Voltage Follower Using an Op Amp

Analog Lab - Precision Voltage Follower Using an Op Amp

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an op amp voltage follower and learn about negative feedback in operational amplifier circuits.


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Shock Current Path

Shock Current Path

As we’ve already learned, electricity requires a complete path…


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Wire-by-Number project kit introduction

Wire-by-Number project kit introduction

Wire-by-Number project: simple voltage divider Description: Build a…


Worksheets - Wireless/RF

Arithmetic Properties

Arithmetic Properties

Associative Property In addition and multiplication, terms may be…


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Introduction to Combinational Logic Functions

Introduction to Combinational Logic Functions

The term “combinational” comes to us from mathematics. In…


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Digital Lab - 10-bit Flashing LED Sequencer

Digital Lab - 10-bit Flashing LED Sequencer

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build and test an automated circuit that sequentially flashes 10 LED, and learn about counters, frequency dividers, and switch debouncing.


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Metric Prefix Conversions

Metric Prefix Conversions

To express a quantity in a different metric prefix from how it was…


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Wire Loop Inductance Calculator

Wire Loop Inductance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the inductance of a wire loop.


Tools

T-Pad Attenuator Calculator

T-Pad Attenuator Calculator

This calculator helps you determine the values of the resistors R1 and R2 to be used for a T-pad attenuator.


Tools

Link Budget Calculator

Link Budget Calculator

A Link Budget puts into account all gains and losses a signal goes through in a system as it is transmitted. The calculator calculates the power of the received signal given amplifier and antenna gains, and medium loss.


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Voltage Regulation

Voltage Regulation

As we saw in a few SPICE analyses earlier in this chapter, the output…


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Rectangle Loop Inductance Calculator

Rectangle Loop Inductance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the inductance of a rectangle loop.


Tools

Converting Truth Tables into Boolean Expressions

Converting Truth Tables into Boolean Expressions

In designing digital circuits, the designer often begins with a truth…


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Series and Parallel Capacitors

Series and Parallel Capacitors

When capacitors are connected in series, the total capacitance is…


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Binary Addition

Binary Addition

The Rules of Binary Addition Adding binary numbers is a very simple…


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Derivative of a Constant

Derivative of a Constant

    (“c” being a constant)   RELATED…


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Conductor Ampacity

Conductor Ampacity

The smaller the cross-sectional area of any given wire, the greater…


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Nonlinear Conduction

Nonlinear Conduction

“Advances are made by answering questions. Discoveries are made…


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Quantum Devices

Quantum Devices

Most integrated circuits are digital, based on MOS (CMOS) transistors.…


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Voltage Divider Calculator

Voltage Divider Calculator

The voltage divider is a circuit used to create a voltage less than or equal to the input voltage.


Tools

AC Lab - PC Oscilloscope

AC Lab - PC Oscilloscope

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, use a PC-based oscilloscope program to observe waveforms from a musical keyboard and learn basic oscilloscope operation.


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Superconducting Devices

Superconducting Devices

Superconducting devices, though not widely used, have some unique…


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