Memory Devices

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…

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Why digital?

Although many textbooks provide good introductions to digital memory…

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Electromechanical Relay Logic

In ladder logic symbolism, an electromechanical relay coil is shown as…

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Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion

The circuit shown here is a four-bit analog-to-digital converter…

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Stepper Motors

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…

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Bipolar Junction Transistors as Switches

Solid-state switching circuits usually keep their constituent…

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Shift Registers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…

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Shift Registers: Serial-in, Parallel-out (SIPO) Conversion

A serial-in, parallel-out shift register is similar to the serial-in,…

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Using Multiple Combinational Circuits

As an example of using several circuits together, we are going to make…

Textbook

Memory Devices

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…

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Intro Lab - How to Use an Ohmmeter to Measure Resistance

In this hands-on introduction to electronics, you will experiment with a multimeter and learn how to measure resistance using the ohmmeter function.

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The Exclusive-OR Function: The XOR Gate

What Is an XOR Gate? One element conspicuously missing from the set of…

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Larger 4-variable Karnaugh Maps

Knowing how to generate Gray code should allow us to build larger…

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Digital Lab - S-R Latch With Enable Input using NAND Gates

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an S-R latch with an enabled input using four NAND gates and learn more about digital circuit functionality.

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Larger 5 & 6-variable Karnaugh Maps

Larger Karnaugh maps reduce larger logic designs. How large is large…

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Switch Types

Though it may seem strange to cover the elementary topic of electrical…

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Demultiplexers

A demultiplexer, sometimes abbreviated dmux, is a circuit that has one…

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Circuit Simplification Examples

Let’s begin with a semiconductor gate circuit in need of…

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555 Lab - LED Flasher with Inductive Flyback

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a multiple LED flasher and learn how to use inductive flyback to generate a voltage pulse that is greater than the supply voltage.

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Shift Registers: Serial-in, Serial-out

Serial-in, serial-out shift registers delay data by one clock time for…

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Introduction to Combinational Logic Functions

The term “combinational” comes to us from mathematics. In…

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555 Timer Monostable Circuit Calculator

This calculator computes for the output pulse width of a 555 timer monostable circuit

Tools

Digital Lab - Introduction

In this collection of hands-on electronics experiments, build and test digital circuits and learn the fundamentals of digital logic circuits, including gates, counters, logic levels, hysteresis, memory, and more.

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Octal and Hexadecimal Numeration

Because binary numeration requires so many bits to represent…

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Digital Memory Terms and Concepts

When we store information in some kind of circuit or device, we not…

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Practical Considerations of ADC Circuits

Perhaps the most important consideration of an ADC is its resolution.…

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Differentiator and Integrator Circuits

By introducing electrical reactance into the feedback loops of an…

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Logic Simplification With Karnaugh Maps

The logic simplification examples that we have done so far could have…

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Digital Ramp ADC

Also known as the stairstep-ramp, or simply counter A/D converter,…

Textbook

Voltage, Current, and Resistance

Voltage is commonly defined as “electrical pressure.” The unit of…

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Reflection Attenuator Calculator

This tool is designed to calculate the value of resistance R1 in a reflection attenuator.

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Derivative of a Constant

    (“c” being a constant)   RELATED…

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Rules for Limits

    RELATED WORKSHEETS: Calculus for Electric Circuits…

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Basic Logic Gates

Identify the type of logic gate shown in this schematic diagram, and…

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DC Lab - Voltage Divider

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a resistive voltage divider and observe how Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) function in real circuits using a voltmeter and an ammeter.

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“Ladder” Diagrams

Ladder diagrams are specialized schematics commonly used to document…

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Review of R, X, and Z (Resistance, Reactance and Impedance)

Before we begin to explore the effects of resistors, inductors, and…

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Trigonometric Equivalencies

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Voltage and Current

As was previously mentioned, we need more than just a continuous path…

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Capacitor Transient Response

Because capacitors store energy in the form of an electric field, they…

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Ohmmeter Design

Though mechanical ohmmeter (resistance meter) designs are rarely used…

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Low-pass Filters

By definition, a low-pass filter is a circuit offering easy passage to…

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What Is the Skin Effect?

The Skin Depth of Copper in Electrical Engineering As previously…

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Bipolar Junction Transistors

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was named because its operation…

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Series R, L, and C

Let’s take the following example circuit and analyze it:  …

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Physiological Effects of Electricity

Most of us have experienced some form of electric “shock,”…

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The common-drain Amplifier (JFET)

RELATED WORKSHEETS: JFET Amplifiers Worksheet

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Meter Check of a Transistor (BJT)

Bipolar transistors are constructed of a three-layer semiconductor…

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