All About Circuits

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Finite-length Transmission Lines

Finite-length Transmission Lines

A transmission line of infinite length is an interesting abstraction,…


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Step-up, Step-down, and Isolation Transformers

Step-up, Step-down, and Isolation Transformers

Calculate the voltage output by the secondary winding of a transformer…


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Amplifiers

Amplifiers

Practical Benefit of Active Devices The practical benefit of active…


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Branch Current Method Analysis

Branch Current Method Analysis

The most straightforward DC network analysis technique is the branch…


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Design Project: Voltmeter

Design Project: Voltmeter

The most important component of your voltmeter will be the…


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Q Factor and Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit

Q Factor and Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit

The Q, or quality, factor of a resonant circuit is a measure of the…


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Power Density Calculator

Power Density Calculator

A tool designed to calculate the power density of an antenna


Tools

Mutual Inductance

Mutual Inductance

When an electric current is passed through a coil of wire, what…


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Δ-Y and Y-Δ Conversions

Δ-Y and Y-Δ Conversions

In many circuit applications, we encounter components connected…


Textbook

Ohm’s Law Practice Worksheet With Answers

Ohm’s Law Practice Worksheet With Answers

Define the following terms: energy, work, and power.


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Voltage Multipliers (Doublers, Triplers, Quadruplers, and More)

Voltage Multipliers (Doublers, Triplers, Quadruplers, and More)

A voltage multiplier is a specialized rectifier circuit producing…


Textbook

JFET Amplifiers

JFET Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Troubleshooting Series and Parallel Circuits

Troubleshooting Series and Parallel Circuits

The jobs of electronics engineers and technicians frequently entail…


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Trigonometry for AC Circuits

Trigonometry for AC Circuits

Identify which trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, or tangent) are…


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Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law

For a given amount of water pressure, which will flow a greater rate…


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Protective Relay Circuits

Protective Relay Circuits

Protective relays are special power-sensing devices whose job it is to…


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Digital Lab - Introduction

Digital Lab - Introduction

In this collection of hands-on electronics experiments, build and test digital circuits and learn the fundamentals of digital logic circuits, including gates, counters, logic levels, hysteresis, memory, and more.


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Timer Circuits

Timer Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Peak to Peak Voltage Calculator (VP-P)

Peak to Peak Voltage Calculator (VP-P)

This calculator shows the peak-to-peak voltage (VP-P) value from the peak voltage, RMS voltage, or average voltage.


Tools

Practical Considerations - Batteries

Practical Considerations - Batteries

When connecting batteries together to form larger “banks”…


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Component Failure Analysis (Continued)

Component Failure Analysis (Continued)

“I consider that I understand an equation when I can predict the…


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Wire Types and Sizes

Wire Types and Sizes

Most electrical wire is covered in a rubber or plastic coating called…


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Multiple-input Gates

Multiple-input Gates

The Use of Logic Gate Inverters and buffers exhaust the possibilities…


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Diodes

Diodes

A diode is an electronics component made from a combination of a…


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AC Voltmeters and Ammeters

AC Voltmeters and Ammeters

AC electromechanical meter movements come in two basic arrangements:…


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Single-ended and Differential Amplifiers

Single-ended and Differential Amplifiers

For ease of drawing complex circuit diagrams, electronic amplifiers…


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Flyback Switch Mode Regulator Calculator

Flyback Switch Mode Regulator Calculator

A calculator for computing several parameters needed in the design of a flyback switch mode regulator


Tools

What is Norton’s Theorem and the Norton Equivalent Circuit?

What is Norton’s Theorem and the Norton Equivalent Circuit?

This article explains the step-by-step process for determining the…


Textbook

Voltage Divider Circuits

Voltage Divider Circuits

Let’s analyze a simple series circuit and determine the voltage…


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Electrical Isolation

Electrical Isolation

SPICE analysis of Electrical Isolation Aside from the ability to…


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Phase-locked Loops

Phase-locked Loops


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AC Lab - Sensing AC Magnetic Fields

AC Lab - Sensing AC Magnetic Fields

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, you will sense AC magnetic fields using a simple wire coil and learn about AC signal coupling, orientation effects, and the impact of shielding using different materials.


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Si Lab - A Simple BJT Current Mirror Circuit

Si Lab - A Simple BJT Current Mirror Circuit

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple current mirror using matched bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and learn about current mirror circuit limitations, the temperature dependence of BJTs, and thermal runaway.


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Radicals

Radicals

Definition of a Radical Given the expression where “x” is…


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Design Project: Audio Media-Based Signal Generator

Design Project: Audio Media-Based Signal Generator

Identify some different ways you can create the sine-wave audio tracks…


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The Quadratic Formula

The Quadratic Formula

Solving for x in a given polynomial equation “ax2 + bx + c…


Textbook

Intro Lab - Circuit With a Switch

Intro Lab - Circuit With a Switch

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will control a light with a switch and learn the basics of connecting toggle (on/off) switches into circuits.


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555 Lab - Monostable Multivibrator (One-shot)

555 Lab - Monostable Multivibrator (One-shot)

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a monostable multivibrator using a 555 timer IC and learn about RC time constant charging and how a one-shot timer operates.


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How to Calculate Power in a Series and Parallel Circuit

How to Calculate Power in a Series and Parallel Circuit

When calculating the power dissipation of resistive components, we can…


Textbook

Vectors and AC Waveforms

Vectors and AC Waveforms

OK, so how exactly can we represent AC quantities of voltage or…


Textbook

Si Lab - Astable Multivibrator Audio Oscillator

Si Lab - Astable Multivibrator Audio Oscillator

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build an astable multivibrator (oscillator) circuit that provides an output in the audio frequency range and learn the effect of component values and supply voltage on oscillation frequency.


Textbook

Sources of Electricity

Sources of Electricity

What is the difference between DC and AC electricity? Identify some…


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Digital Lab - 7-segment LED Display

Digital Lab - 7-segment LED Display

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will control a 7-segment binary-coded decimal (BCD) display and learn about active-low and active-high logic inputs.


Textbook

Impedance Transformation

Impedance Transformation

Standing waves at the resonant frequency points of an open- or…


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Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Series DC Circuits Practice Worksheet with Answers

Series DC Circuits Practice Worksheet with Answers

In this circuit, three resistors receive the same amount of current (4…


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Electron Versus Conventional Flow

Electron Versus Conventional Flow

In this electrical circuit, trace the direction of current through the…


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The Common-gate Amplifier (JFET)

The Common-gate Amplifier (JFET)

RELATED WORKSHEETS: JFET Amplifiers Worksheet


Textbook

Light-Pulse Switch

Light-Pulse Switch

It is fairly important to use large value resistors (10 MΩ works…


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Component Failure Analysis (Continued)

Component Failure Analysis (Continued)

“I consider that I understand an equation when I can predict the…


Textbook

Stepper Motors

Stepper Motors

Stepper Motor vs Servo Motor A stepper motor is a…


Textbook

Flip-Flop Circuits

Flip-Flop Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


Worksheets - Power

Design Project: Intercom System

Design Project: Intercom System

Design a passive circuit that will create a "split” ( V/-V) power…


Worksheets - Power

Example Circuits and Netlists

Example Circuits and Netlists

The following circuits are pre-tested netlists for SPICE 2g6, complete…


Textbook

Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Because it takes energy to force charge to flow against the opposition…


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DIP Gate Packaging

DIP Gate Packaging

Digital logic gate circuits are manufactured as integrated circuits:…


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Mutual Inductance and Basic Operation

Mutual Inductance and Basic Operation

Behaviors of Inductors wrapped around a Conductive Core Suppose we…


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Copper Wire Gauge Table

Copper Wire Gauge Table

Solid Copper Wire Table Size Diameter (inches) Cross-sectional area…


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Si Lab - JFET Switching Circuit and Static Electricity Sensor

Si Lab - JFET Switching Circuit and Static Electricity Sensor

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, use a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) to build a sensitive switching circuit and learn about JFET current gain.


Textbook

Special-purpose Batteries

Special-purpose Batteries

Mercury Standard Cell Back in the early days of electrical measurement…


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