All About Circuits

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Negative Feedback

Negative Feedback

If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply…


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Regulated Power Sources

Regulated Power Sources

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Gas Discharge Tubes

Gas Discharge Tubes

If you’ve ever witnessed a lightning storm, you’ve seen…


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Diode Switching Circuits

Diode Switching Circuits

Diodes can perform switching and digital logic operations. Forward and…


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Design Project: Audio Media-Based Signal Generator

Design Project: Audio Media-Based Signal Generator

Identify some different ways you can create the sine-wave audio tracks…


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Si Lab - A Simple BJT Current Mirror Circuit

Si Lab - A Simple BJT Current Mirror Circuit

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple current mirror using matched bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and learn about current mirror circuit limitations, the temperature dependence of BJTs, and thermal runaway.


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Input and Output Coupling

Input and Output Coupling

To overcome the challenge of creating necessary DC bias voltage for an…


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Peak, Average, and RMS Measurements

Peak, Average, and RMS Measurements

How is it possible to assign a fixed value of voltage or current (such…


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Tesla Polyphase Induction Motors

Tesla Polyphase Induction Motors

Most AC motors are induction motors. Induction motors are favored due…


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Attenuators

Attenuators

What is Attenuators? Attenuators are passive devices. It is…


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Tube Lab - Vacuum Tube Audio Amplifier

Tube Lab - Vacuum Tube Audio Amplifier

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an audio amplifier using a vacuum tube (triode) and learn about voltage transformers, how to build a high-voltage DC power supply, and how to use a transformer for impedance matching.


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How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

This page will walk you step-by-step through the process of…


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Power Conversion Circuits

Power Conversion Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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JFET Amplifiers

JFET Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Digital Lab - Basic 2-Input NAND Gate Circuit

Digital Lab - Basic 2-Input NAND Gate Circuit

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build and test a 2-input digital NAND gate with LED indicators and learn to read pinout diagrams, power a digital IC, connect unused inputs and outputs, and use pulldown resistors.


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AC Instrumentation Transducers

AC Instrumentation Transducers

Just as devices have been made to measure certain physical quantities…


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Series DC Circuits Practice Worksheet with Answers

Series DC Circuits Practice Worksheet with Answers

In this circuit, three resistors receive the same amount of current (4…


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Active-mode Operation (JFET)

Active-mode Operation (JFET)

JFETs, like bipolar transistors, are able to “throttle”…


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Step-up, Step-down, and Isolation Transformers

Step-up, Step-down, and Isolation Transformers

Calculate the voltage output by the secondary winding of a transformer…


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DC Motor Theory

DC Motor Theory

If the ends of a wire loop are attached to two half-circular metal…


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Digital Lab - Introduction

Digital Lab - Introduction

In this collection of hands-on electronics experiments, build and test digital circuits and learn the fundamentals of digital logic circuits, including gates, counters, logic levels, hysteresis, memory, and more.


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Inductance

Inductance

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! One of the fundamental principles of…


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Time Constant Circuits

Time Constant Circuits

Generally speaking, how many “time constants” worth of time does…


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DC Circuit Equations and Laws

DC Circuit Equations and Laws

Power Equation of Ohm’s Law and Joule’s Law    …


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Static Electricity

Static Electricity

What does it mean for an object to have an electric charge? Give an…


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Battery Ratings

Battery Ratings

Because batteries create current flow in a circuit by exchanging…


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PN Junctions

PN Junctions

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Design Project: Intercom System

Design Project: Intercom System

Design a passive circuit that will create a "split” ( V/-V) power…


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Ammeter Design

Ammeter Design

Ammeters Measure Electrical Current A meter designed to measure…


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Zener Diodes

Zener Diodes

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Junction Field-effect Transistors

Junction Field-effect Transistors

The field effect transistor was proposed by Julius Lilienfeld in US…


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RF Power Conversion Calculator

RF Power Conversion Calculator

A tool designed to convert RF power from watts to decibels and vice versa


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Series Circuits and the Application of Ohm’s Law

Series Circuits and the Application of Ohm’s Law

In this introduction to series resistance circuits, we will explain…


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Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Every meter impacts the circuit it is measuring to some extent, just…


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Shock Current Path

Shock Current Path

As we’ve already learned, electricity requires a complete path…


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Introduction to Diodes And Rectifiers

Introduction to Diodes And Rectifiers

All About Diodes A diode is an electrical device allowing current to…


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Conventional Versus Electron Flow

Conventional Versus Electron Flow

“The nice thing about standards is that there are so many of…


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DC Metrology

DC Metrology

Define the following metrological terms: • Uncertainty • Accuracy…


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Single-ended and Differential Amplifiers

Single-ended and Differential Amplifiers

For ease of drawing complex circuit diagrams, electronic amplifiers…


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AC Power

AC Power

If a sinusoidal voltage is applied to an impedance with a phase angle…


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The DIAC

The DIAC

Like all diodes, Shockley diodes are unidirectional devices; that is,…


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Analog Lab - Class B Audio Amplifier

Analog Lab - Class B Audio Amplifier

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a Class B push-pull audio amplifier to drive a speaker and learn about crossover distortion and how to minimize it using negative feedback.


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AC Lab - Introduction

AC Lab - Introduction

In this series of hands-on electronics experiments, build alternating current (AC) circuits and learn about basic electrical engineering circuit concepts, including transformers, motors, phase shifts, signal coupling, and noise cancellation.


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Digital Lab - 7-segment LED Display

Digital Lab - 7-segment LED Display

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will control a 7-segment binary-coded decimal (BCD) display and learn about active-low and active-high logic inputs.


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Design Project: Signal Generator

Design Project: Signal Generator

Explain the principle of operation for the particular integrated…


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Solving Series and Parallel Circuits With the Table Method and Ohm’s Law

Solving Series and Parallel Circuits With the Table Method and Ohm’s Law

The table method provides a structured methodology for ensuring you…


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Parallel Circuit Rules

Parallel Circuit Rules

Voltage Components in a parallel circuit share the same voltage:…


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Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier With Output Filtering

Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier With Output Filtering

In this hands-on semiconductor experiment, build an improved full-wave rectifier with output filtering and learn about capacitive filtering in AC-to-DC power converters.


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Scientific Notation and Metric Prefixes

Scientific Notation and Metric Prefixes

Write the following exponential expressions in expanded form: 101 =…


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Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques

Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques

The manufacture of only silicon based semiconductors is described…


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A Binary Adder

A Binary Adder

Suppose we wanted to build a device that could add two binary bits…


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AC Network Analysis

AC Network Analysis

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Design Project: DC Motor

Design Project: DC Motor

The armature windings of your DC motor will have very low resistance.…


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Vectors and AC Waveforms

Vectors and AC Waveforms

OK, so how exactly can we represent AC quantities of voltage or…


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MESFETs

MESFETs


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Vol V. Credits

Vol V. Credits

All entries arranged in alphabetical order of surname. Major…


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The Tetrode

The Tetrode

As the name suggests, the tetrode tube contains four elements: cathode…


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Negative Binary Numbers

Negative Binary Numbers

With addition being easily accomplished, we can perform the operation…


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Three-phase Power Systems

Three-phase Power Systems

What is Split-Phase Power Systems? Split-phase power systems achieve…


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Introduction to Conductance and Conductors

Introduction to Conductance and Conductors

By now you should be well aware of the correlation between electrical…


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