Mixed-Frequency Signals

What is a harmonic frequency? If an oscillator circuit outputs a…

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IGBTs

Because of their insulated gates, IGFETs of all types have extremely…

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Performance-Based Assessments for Semiconductor Circuit Competencies

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Op-Amp Practical Considerations

Real operational amplifiers have some imperfections compared to an…

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Differentiator and Integrator Circuits

By introducing electrical reactance into the feedback loops of an…

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Wheatstone Bridge Calculator

This calculator helps determine the resistance of a variable resistor within a Wheatstone bridge circuit or the differential voltage created across the bridge terminals.

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Op-Amp Data

Parametric data for all semiconductor op-amp models except the CA3130…

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Design Project: DC Voltage Regulator

It may seem difficult to even start on a project such as this, with no…

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Differential Transistor Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Voltage/Current Converter OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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BJT Quirks

An ideal transistor would show 0% distortion in amplifying a signal.…

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Elementary Amplifier Theory

Fundamentally, an amplifier is a device that takes in a low-power…

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Circuit Components

Remember that this tutorial is not exhaustive by any means, and that…

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Binary Math Circuits

Add the following binary numbers:

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Special-output Gates

Complementary Output Gates It is sometimes desirable to have a logic…

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Series R, L, and C

Let’s take the following example circuit and analyze it:  …

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Circuit Components

Remember that this tutorial is not exhaustive by any means, and that…

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An Analogy for Divided Feedback

A helpful analogy for understanding divided feedback amplifier…

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Conventional Transistor Overview and Special Transistors

A microcontroller is a specialized type of digital computer used to…

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Feedback

If some percentage of an amplifier’s output signal is connected…

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Inductor Transient Response

Inductors have the exact opposite characteristics of capacitors.…

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Clipper and Clamper Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Diodes

A diode is an electronics component made from a combination of a…

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Pi-Match Impedance Matching Calculator

This calculator is designed to compute the parameters required to design a Pi-Match Impedance Circuit

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Other Diode Technologies

Varicap or varactor diodes A variable capacitance diode is known as a…

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Op-amp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Analysis Techniques for Series Parallel Resistor Circuits

Guidelines to Series-Parallel Combination Circuit Analysis The goal of…

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Parallel Circuits and the Application of Ohm’s Law

In this introduction to parallel resistance circuits, we will explain…

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L-Match Impedance Matching Circuits

This calculator is designed to compute for the parameters needed to design a L-Match Impedance Circuit

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Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Write an equation describing the precise mathematical relationship…

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What is Norton’s Theorem and the Norton Equivalent Circuit?

This article explains the step-by-step process for determining the…

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True, Reactive, and Apparent Power

Reactive Power We know that reactive loads such as inductors and…

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Class A BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Read-only memory (ROM) is similar in design to static or dynamic RAM…

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Factoring Equivalencies

Factoring Identities :   a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b) a2 + 2ab + b2…

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Karnaugh Maps, Truth Tables, and Boolean Expressions

Who Developed the Karnaugh Map? Maurice Karnaugh, a…

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Diode Switching Circuits

Diodes can perform switching and digital logic operations. Forward and…

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The common-drain Amplifier (JFET)

RELATED WORKSHEETS: JFET Amplifiers Worksheet

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Resistors

Shown here is the schematic symbol for a resistor: What is the purpose…

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Rules for Limits

    RELATED WORKSHEETS: Calculus for Electric Circuits…

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Networks and Busses

The wires between the tank and the monitoring location is  called…

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Example Circuits and Netlists

The following circuits are pre-tested netlists for SPICE 2g6, complete…

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Potentiometers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Edge Coupled Trace Inductance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute for the inductance of an edge coupled trace.

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Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Karnaugh Mapping

Identify each of these logic gates by name, and complete their…

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DC Motor Theory

If the ends of a wire loop are attached to two half-circular metal…

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OpAmp Oscillator Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Power Quality Measurement

It used to be with large AC power systems that “power…

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Q Factor and Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit

The Q, or quality, factor of a resonant circuit is a measure of the…

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Factorials

Definition of a Factorial Denoted by the symbol “!” after…

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VSWR / Return Loss Calculator

A calculator designed to compute the VSWR, reflection coefficient, return loss and matching loss in a transmission line

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Op-amp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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